大革命失败后,陕西党组织一度深陷生存困境.究其原因,既有反动势力残酷镇压这一外因,也有基层组织涣散、党员党性弱化、偏居西北等陕西地方性因素.为突破困境,陕西党组织在坚持斗争中不断壮大力量的同时,采取强化巡视增强组织凝聚力、夯实基层党支部建设、加强党员教育等举措弥补了自身缺陷,化解了外部压力,缓解了生存危机,推进了陕西党的工作的发展.

腐败治理测量是研究反腐败问题的一个基本命题,但由于腐败行为的隐秘性、事后性、信息不对称性等特点使其成为一个世界性难题.纵观改革开放以来的腐败治理历程,我们一方面需要对四十多年来我国反腐败的巨大成绩予以充分的肯定和自信,另一方面也需要通过客观、精确的腐败治理测量对我们反腐问题有更加清醒、务实的判识.因而,把中国腐败治理问题置于全球维度、历史维度和个案维度进行多角度测量,试图对改革开放以来我国腐败治理问题的演化历程、发展趋势、特点表征等问题进行系统的分析.从测量结果看,我国已基本走出腐败的高发态势,正在从标本兼治向治本迈进,但也存在着营商环境亟待改善、涉腐干部级别、涉腐金额不断攀升、涉腐形式更加多样等特点.通过这些分析为我们制定反腐败策略指明努力方向.

In the long history, information, as an important driving force, drives China's development from agricultural society to industrial society and then to information society. On the one hand, with the change of information from less to more, from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional, from structured to pluralistic, from monopoly to sharing, the direction of traditional power operation has been changed. On the other hand, the audience of state governance has changed from national blindness to limited participation of social elites to full participation, which has also promoted the state governance to be scientific, open and transparent. Both the change of power direction and the audience of state governance have promoted the transformation of state governance model from the oligopoly mode with full control in agricultural China to the meritocracy mode with limited control in industrial China and then to the digital negotiation mode with the core of " Co-consulting, Co-construction and Sharing" in digital China. From the above analysis, we can see the importance of informatization in the state governance reform. In digital China, the requirements of digital negotiation emphasize the data fusion and provide accurate digital governance services, which is highly compatible with the requirement of state governance informatization, thus it guides the direction of efforts to realize the modernization of state governance capabilities. Namely, informatization should promote state governance precision, dynamic and cooperativity in the future.

中国自西周以来,"孝"不仅逐渐演化成为普遍适用于家庭、社会、政治各种尊卑等级关系的卑幼规范,被称为"美德之通称",而且成为重要的哲学观念、政治理念和道德规范,被视为"天经地义"、"至德要道"、"众之本教"、"百行之首"[1].中国传统孝文化的政治社会化在政治人的塑造过程中主要体现为"家国同构"理念,首先从家庭入手进行构建,而后扩展到国家的政治秩序中,并将"孝"与"忠"统一起来.在整个封建社会,孝文化的倡导使中国的社会结构和伦理道德极具稳定性,在一定程度上推动着社会的发展.

嘉庆朝是清代军机处各项规制最终定型并完善的时期,但学界对此论述却语焉不详.本文从军机处自身发展角度出发对该时期的军机处进行了考察,分别从分军机大臣的人数及选任资格、军机章京职责与考选、军机处基本职掌这三个方面详细论证该时期军机处的阶段性特点.

To promote the anti-corruption construction in contemporary China,we should both inherit the excellent thoughts of anti-corruption in ancient times and improve the practical work of anti-corruption at present so as to create a way of anti-corruption with Chinese characteristics.Wang Chuan-shan,a famous Confucian during the transitional period between Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty,formed a set of systematic and complete thought of anti-corruption by combining his own experiences as an official and his profound idea of the end of Ming Dynasty.Wang Chuan-shan's clean government thoughts mainly consist of three parts.The first is paying attention to official morality to ensure the lasting of political stability;the second is emphasizing supervision,especially "strictly supervising senior officials";the third is constructing power supervision system,which is composed of "emperor,chancellor and remonstrator".His thoughts have a referential significance for the present work of anti-corruption.We should enhance the training of official morality by eight regulations,stiffen the penalty of corruption no matter it is serious or not,and perfect the present power supervision system from the top level by regulating the implementation of powers.

Wang Chuan-shan's clean government thoughts are consisting of three parts,the first part is paying attention to official morality for lasting political stability,the second part is emphasizing supervision,specially "strictly supervising senior officials",and the third part is constructing power supervision system,which is composed of emperor,chancellor and remonstrator.Wang Chuan shan's thoughts are giving some enlightenment for building clean government in contemporary China:firstly,enhancing the training of official morality by eight regulations,secondly,increasing the attack dynamics of corruption cases,thirdly,perfecting for the power supervision system.

康熙朝是清代奏折制度发展的一个重要阶段,该时期的奏折办理模式对后世影响深远。康熙朝,大学士在皇帝的允准下开始有限度的参与奏折的批答。这一极具开创性的做法被后世的军机处所继承并规范化,深刻影响了清廷中枢决策体制。关于此,学界尚未有专文述及,故撰文以求教于方家。

Sunshun was one of the most influential chancellors at the end years of Emperor Xianfeng. At that time, Sushun was entrusted with the important task by his extraordinary talent and also because other ministers of states （MS. Junjidachen） could not undertake their responsibilities. At the year of ＂qixiang＂, Sushun became the most powerful chancellor in imperial court, and directly controlled the Grand Council （junjichu）. So, the central policy making system was greatly affected by Sushun in the years of Emperor Xianfeng.

清制,题本的批答乃内阁之专职,亦是内阁权力之所在.然而,内阁的该项职权却在乾隆朝时被军机处所削弱.军机处在乾隆朝时已经是清廷一个重要的中枢决策机构,其职权日广,并部分侵夺了内阁题本批答之权.乾隆朝是军机处发展的一个重要时期,而军机处涉足题本批答之事也仅见于乾隆朝,因此很有必要对这个特殊现象进行深入的研究.详细考察乾隆朝军机处在题本批答过程中的作用,对于全面了解军机处权力扩张的历程、清廷的决策程序及厘清军机处与内阁之间的关系都是大有裨益的.故撰此文,求教于方家.

<正>廷寄是清代军机处特有的下行公文,其格式之演变不仅是军机处规制日趋严密的缩影,而且是清廷政局及人事变动的"晴雨表"。因廷寄格式之演变不仅不见于史籍之记载,也多为学界所忽视,故撰文讨论之。

Initially,Junjichu is a political organization that was created by The Qing dynasty to keep military secret.At the beginning,Junjichu was just a provisional organization,then it became a main center authority organization of the government of The Qing dynasty.The decisive transformation of Junjichu is in charge of the official replying to Zouzhe,by which Junjichu influenced the government affair.There were three forms by which Junjichu participated in replying Zouzhe : answering the questions the emperors asked in the replying zouzhe;dispenseing Zouzhe to other department of the government;replying Zouzhe and inspecting the Zhupi(the words written in red by the emperors).It is import for us to understand the power and the influence of Junjichu in the process of the decision-making.

乾隆朝的军机处曾存在一种特殊的公文公启,通过该文书,军机处对清廷奏折的运作及清廷政务的处理发挥了自己独有的影响力.公启成为乾隆朝军机处权力扩张的一个便捷的工具.

伴随着电视连续剧<雍正王朝>在全国的热播,清代名臣张廷玉也逐渐被广大电视观众所熟悉.但电视剧毕竟不是严肃的历史研究,剧中塑造历史人物的可信度自然不会太高.本文就试图将张廷玉的历史原貌尽可能展显于读者面前.