目的 基于文献分析在形态学实验教学中开展数字切片的情况.方法 以篇名"形态学""切片"和主题"实验""教学"为检索式,精确检索中国知网学术文献总库.检索时间:2008年1月1日—2021年2月28日.从发表年代、院校、文献来源、基金、研究内容等方面,对这些检索结果进行统计分析.结果 共检出23篇文献,去除不符合标准的文献3篇,获得有效统计文献20篇,均为学术期刊.其中2011年—2014年和2018年—2020年文献数量较多,平均为2.00篇/年和2.67篇/年;开展数字切片的双一流院校有9所,占比45.00%(9/20),普通本科院校有11所,占比55.00%(11/20);文献来源中核心期刊发文量与普通期刊发文量基本持平;70.00%(14/20)的文献研究有基金支持,主要是校级和省、部级的基金;研究内容主要从教学研究和教学改革方面展开.结论 数字切片在形态学实验教学工作中发挥着重要作用.此次数字切片的文献研究数量相对较少,文献研究广度有待提升,后续将展开更深入的研究.

针对解剖学、组织学与胚胎学和病理学的实验附属于各自的理论课,在不同的学期授课,各门实验课之间缺乏关联,造成知识的割裂的现状,梳理现有形态学实验课程,在教材编写、课程设立、教学手段方面进行了改革探索.尝试建立以人体系统、器官为主线,以疾病为中心,从正常器官结构到异常器官结构,从整体器官形态观察到镜下微细结构的实验模式.希望不断深入形态学实验教学改革,一方面有利于学生对关联知识的融会贯通,另一方面培养学生的临床意识.

目的:观察使用茶纤维中药口罩防治季节性变应性鼻炎(seasonal allergic rhinitis,SAR)患者的疗效情况,探究早期干预 SAR 患者症状发病的简便方法.方法:选择本校 40 例确诊为 SAR的患者以随机数字表法分为治疗组、对照组,每组 20 例,两组分别于立秋前 4 周给予茶纤维中药口罩和活性炭口罩佩戴进行干预对比分析,两组在干预前与干预后均进行鼻部症状总积分表(Total Nasal Symptom Score,TNSS)与鼻结膜炎生活质量调查问卷(Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire, RQLQ)评分,评定该口罩防治疗效.结果:干预前对两组患者症状评分相比,差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05),治疗组经干预后 TNSS和 RQLQ总分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05),治疗组经干预后总有效率(89%)高于对照组总有效率(26.3%),差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05).结论:茶纤维中药口罩对季节性变应性鼻炎患者症状发病有防治疗效,对减缓 SAR患者发病程度、提高生活质量提供新的方法思路.

形态学是医学生必修的基础课程,实验教学又是理论课程的实践,因此坚持形态学实验的发展和改革一直是高校教育的重点.随着科技发展,数字化技术融入实验教学平台中来,教学环境有了很大改善.文章对显微互动系统及数字化教学平台在形态学实验教学中的应用做了简要叙述,就传统教学模式和数字化教学模式进行对比分析,加强实验室的管理维护,让数字化技术更好地为教学服务.

Objective:To observe the effects of astragalus injection combined with puerarin injection on diabetic heart damage,and to lay a foundation for further study of its mechanism.Methods:Male KKAy mice(n=60)were fed with high fat diet to establish type 2 diabetes mellitus.Male C57BL/6J mice(n=30)with the same age were included into normal group.Mice with 12 weeks of age were randomly divided into treatment group and model group.The KKAy mice were injected with astragalus injection and puera-rin injection or the same amount of normal saline.After feeding at 8th,12th and 16th weeks,the general signs of mice were ob-served to detect the levels of the fasting blood glucose(FBG),serum triglyceride(TG),and total cholesterol(TCHO).The mor-phological myocardial tissue was observed,and TUNEL method was used to detect the level of apoptosis.Results:Astragalus injec-tion combined with puerarin injection could improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus,slow activity,significant increase in urine output,lack of luster of body hair,body fat and other symptoms.After 6 weeks and 12 weeks treatment,it can significantly re-duce FBG,TG and TCHO(P<0.05),reduce myocardial cell apoptosis,improve myocardial fibrosis,but 16 weeks treatment was not significantly effective.Conclusion:The use of astragalus injection and puerarin injection can significantly improve the general state of type 2 diabetic mice,reduce FBG,TG and TCHO,inhibit myocardial cell apoptosis and reduce cardiac fibrosis.

随着国家对中医药院校扶持力度加大,学校的实验教学水平也成为高等教育的评价指标.教学实验中心在高校的实验教学中发挥关键作用,尤其在以实验操作为基础的中医药院校更为重要,因此如何加快中心的发展,使其更好地为教学服务成为亟待解决的问题.笔者通过分析学院教学实验中心的现状,结合实际情况,提出一些想法.

Objective:To investigate the cardioprotective mechanism of Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection on KKAy mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy,providing experimental evidence for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy using tradi -tional Chinese medicine.Methods KKAy mice were randomly divided into model group and treatment group ( Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection ) according to blood glucose.The male C57BL/6J mice with same age were used as normal con-trol group.The mice were sacrificed at 20,24 and 28 weeks old,respectively.qRT-PCR was used for detecting the mRNA expres-sion of IRE1α,XBP1U and XBP1S and Western blotting was used for assaying the expression of IRE 1αand XBP1.Results:The mRNA and protein expression of IRE1αin the model group increased at 20,24 and 28 weeks,while the increase of mRNA and protein expression of IRE1αreduced in the treatment group at 20,24 and 28 weeks.The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The mRNA and protein expression of XBP1S at 20,24 and 28 weeks and the mRNA expression of XBP 1U at 28 weeks was increased in the model group;For the treatment group,the mRNA expression of XBP1S at 20 and 40 weeks and protein ex-pression of XBP1 was down-regulated,whereas the expression of XBP1S and XBP1U mRNA increased.The difference was statisti-cally significant ( P <0.05 ).Conclusion:Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection could inhibit the expression of IRE1αand XBP1,two stress signaling molecules of endoplasmic reticulum in the heart tissue of KKAy mice,and reduce the endo-plasmic reticulum stress and exert cardioprotective effect on KKAy mice with type 2 diabetes.

目的:通过研究二仙汤对卵巢血供和卵泡颗粒细胞分泌AMH、Inhibin的影响,探究其对卵巢储备功能的影响,从而探究二仙汤治疗卵巢早衰的机制.方法:60只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、阳性对照组和二仙汤组,腹腔注射顺铂建立化疗性损伤大鼠卵巢早衰动物模型.造模后连续4周灌胃药物治疗.HE染色观察卵巢血管的变化;ELISA法测定血清中AMH、Inhibin含量.结果:与正常组比较,模型组卵巢血管减少,血清AMH、Inhibin下降(P＜0.05);二仙汤和西药补佳乐治疗后与模型组比较卵巢血管增多,血清AMH、Inhibin升高(P＜0.05).结论:二仙汤治疗卵巢早衰的机制之一可能是改善卵巢血供,促进颗粒细胞AMH和Inhibin分泌,恢复卵泡正常募集和成熟,减少卵泡闭锁,从而改善卵巢储备功能.

显微数码互动系统对病理学实验课具有划时代的意义，通过该技术我们实现了实验内容信息化和师生互动信息化，在课堂效率和教学质量方面有了明显改进，并催生了以互动教室为基础的新教学模式。本文从新旧教学模式比较入手，从教师、学生和学校三方面论述新教学模式对我们的启示，以及新模式的不足和改进思路。

现代医学教育中，中医院校对基础医学实验课教学大都存在着对实验形式和内容的要求越来越高，但实验设备、器材、环境和经费相对落后的矛盾。如果能构建虚拟实验室，恰当地运用现代教育技术的仿真、模拟功能，则可以变抽象为具体，使静态内容动态化，逼真地模拟实验时实验过程中宏观变化中的微观过程，变微观为直观，让学生观察、体验、感受事物发展过程中的微观现象，能够把实验教学中难以描述、难以突破的难点、重点、生动形象地表现出来，激发学生学习的兴趣，调动学生的学习积极性，强化学生对实验学知识的记忆和理解。

目的:观察雷公藤甲素引起急性肝损伤时肝细胞自噬的情况.方法:采用LC3-GFP质粒尾静脉高压注射的方法在体监测雷公藤甲素诱导肝细胞自噬的发生;用腺病毒双荧光载体mRFP-GFP-LC3感染体外培养的HepG2细胞,通过激光共聚焦显微镜和蛋白印记的方法检测细胞自噬流的强度.结果:小鼠腹腔注射雷公藤甲素(0.25 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg)24小时,血清中ALT和AST水平均显著升高;肝组织病理结果显示肝细胞肿胀、空泡化及坏死;激光共聚焦显微镜下可检测到LC3-GFP质粒表达所呈现的绿色荧光;离体细胞实验结果证实雷公藤甲素可诱导肝细胞发生自噬流,且表现为一定程度的剂量、时间依赖性.结论:雷公藤甲素可引发急性肝损伤并伴随明显的细胞自噬.

目的 探讨雷公藤甲素诱导结肠癌CT26细胞自噬与细胞死亡之间的关系.方法 体外培养小鼠结肠癌CT26细胞,应用免疫荧光、荧光双标自噬腺病毒载体(Ad-mRFP-GFP-LC3)技术,在激光扫描共焦显微镜下观察LC3的表达轮廓及水平,并结合免疫印迹法对LC3蛋白、P62蛋白做半定量分析;进而用单溶液细胞增殖检测(MTS)试剂测定CT26细胞增殖抑制率;用AnnexinV-FITC/PI双染、流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡/死亡率.结果 雷公藤甲素能诱导CT26细胞出现明确的自噬流;激活细胞自噬可提高CT26细胞的晚期凋亡率.与雷公藤甲素组比较,雷帕霉素与其联用能显著增强CT26细胞死亡.结论 自噬可能介导了雷公藤甲素诱导CT26细胞死亡的过程.

目的：研究黄芪注射液联用丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液对单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）模型大鼠肾脏骨形态发生蛋白7（BMP－7）及其受体（ BMPR－Ⅰa）和Smad5的表达影响。方法：36只清洁级雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和治疗组，在术后14和28 d分批处死动物。 HE和Masson染色观察肾形态变化，实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组化检测BMP－7及其受体和Smad5的mRNA和蛋白表达。结果：形态学染色见假手术组肾组织结构正常；模型组肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死，小管管腔扩张或萎缩，间质炎细胞浸润及纤维组织增生，病变随时间延长加重；治疗组病变较模型组减轻。模型组与治疗组肾组织BMP－7及其受体、Smad5的蛋白表达低于假手术组，但与模型组相比，治疗组表达增多。与假手术组相比，模型组BMP－7及其受体和Smad5的mRNA表达明显降低；治疗组BMP－7及其受体和28 d Smad5的mRNA表达明显高于模型组。结论：黄芪注射液联用丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠注射液可减轻UUO模型大鼠肾组织病变，这可能与增加肾组织BMP－7及其受体和Smad5的表达有关。

This study was aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of puerarin and 3 other flavonoid compounds, and to investigate their structure-activity relationship. The intragastric administration of 4 kinds of typical flavonoids compounds (soybean element, puerarin, quercetin and rutin) were given to mice, respectively. The model mice of acute hepatic injury were established with intraperitoneal injection of 0.1% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) after 7 days. After 18 h fasting, liver tissues were removed. The histomorphology was observed after paraffin sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were detected with automatic biochemical analyzer. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in liver tissues were detected with homogenization. The pathological results of liver tissues showed that hepatic damages were decreased in all 4 medicine treatment groups compared with the model group, but there were no significant differences among these treatment groups. The results of blood serum bio-chemical analysis showed that compared with the model group, puerarin and quercetin could decrease the activities of ALT, AST and GGT in serum significantly (P < 0.05, orP < 0.01). There were no content changes of ALP. In the soybean element group, only the activities of ALT and AST decreased obviously (P < 0.05, orP < 0.01). There was no obvious change in the serum of mice in the rutin treatment group. The homogenate detection results of liver tissues showed that compared with the model group, quercetin and rutin significantly lowered MDA (P < 0.05), increased SOD and GSH-Px (P < 0.05, orP < 0.01); while soybean element and puerarin only improved GSH-Px levels (P < 0.05, orP < 0.01). It was concluded that the antioxidant capacity of quercetin was better than that of soybean element, puerarin and rutin, which may be related to its structure. Compared with 3 other chemical compounds, quercetin had more polyhydroxies and its polyhydroxies were not glycosylated, which suggested that the structure of quercetin may be closely related to its antioxidation activity.

目的:观察雷公藤甲素诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的形态学特征,为进一步研究雷公藤甲素肝毒性的病理特点和毒理机制提供基础.方法:昆明种小鼠以雷公藤甲素LD50剂量(0.8 mg/kg)水溶液灌胃,分别于给药12h及24 h后取肝组织,制备石蜡切片、冰冻切片,行常规HE染色、PCNA染色、TUNEL染色及光镜观察.部分肝组织经戊二醛固定、制备超薄切片,行透射电镜下观察.PCNA及TUNEL染色结果采用图像分析软件进行定量分析及统计学处理.结果:0.8 mg/kg雷公藤甲素灌胃后12h即可诱导肝组织炎细胞浸润、结构破坏、肝细胞坏死及代偿性增生.透射电镜下可见肝细胞内细胞骨架结构异常、细胞器大量脱落、自噬体明显增多.PCNA及TUNEL染色结果表明,雷公藤甲素可诱导肝细胞出现显著的增殖及凋亡.结论:雷公藤甲素可诱导肝组织炎性反应发生,同时伴随肝细胞凋亡、坏死及代偿性增生.推测肝细胞自噬性凋亡是雷公藤甲素诱导急性肝损伤的关键病理环节.

目的 比较大豆素、葛根素、槲皮素及芦丁的体外抗氧化活性,初步探讨类黄酮化合物的构效关系.方法 体外培养RAW264.7细胞,分别加入大豆素、葛根素、槲皮素和芦丁对细胞进行处理,4h后加入脂多糖刺激细胞,采用DCFH-DA探针法检测细胞内总活性氧水平,采用Griess试剂法检测细胞上清中NO、MDA的水平.结果 4种类黄酮化合物处理的RAW264.7细胞均可见细胞内总活性氧水平下降,以槲皮素处理效果最为显著;槲皮素可显著降低NO、MDA水平(P＜0.01),葛根素可显著降低NO水平(P＜0.01),芦丁可显著降低MDA水平(P＜0.01),而大豆素对两者均无明显影响.结论 在4种类黄酮化合物中,槲皮素的抗氧化能力强于大豆素、葛根素和芦丁,这可能与槲皮素含羟基数目多、且羟基未成苷的结构特点有关.

Objective To enhance practical ability of Chinese materia medica majored students by reforming formulae teaching method. Methods Questionnaire survey and statistical analysis were conducted among graduates, employers and undergraduates in terms of formulae teaching reform. Results Both the students and employers suggested that formulae teaching reform should center on such key points as compositions, compatibilities, actions and indications of the formulae, by adding to some knowledge of modern research on traditional formulae, and adverse reactions of common OTC Chinese patent medicine and prescriptions. Learning and teaching focus should be further determined, and its relation with other subjects should be intensified. Conclusion The formulae teaching reform should put more emphasis on practical teaching and meanwhile highlight teaching features of Chinese materia medica major.

Objective: To observe the effect of Wenxin Granules on the expression of microRNA-1 and Connexin43(Cx43) in the myocardial tissue of ischemic arrhythmia rats and further explore the mechanism of anti-arrhythmic effects of Wenxin Granules. Methods: Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group, model group and treatment group. The ischemic arrhythmia rats models were induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Wenxin Granules was given 7 days before surgery, the rats in sham-operated group only given thoracotomy but without coronary ligation. After taking myocardial tissue from rats, the expression of miRNA-1 and Cx43 were detected by real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western Blotting. Results: The expression level of miRNA-1 in model group increased signii cantly(P0.01) and(4.67±1.21) times than sham-operated group, the expression level of miRNA-1 decreased in treatment group(P0.01) and(0.39±0.12) times of model group. The relative content of Cx43 on myocardial tissue in model group signii cantly lower than sham-operated group(P0.01), after treatment with Wenxin Granules, the relative content of Cx43 increased obviously(P0.01). Conclusion: Wenxin Granules may reduce post-transcriptional suppression of Cx43, recover normal expression distribution of Cx43 by inhibiting the expression of miRNA-1, eventually played a role in the prevention and treatment of ischemic arrhythmia.

组织学是研究正常人体微细结构及其相关功能的科学，是医学院校的一门重要基础课。组织学因其学科的特点，决定了其重点学习内容在于组织切片的观察。因此，作为重要的教学环节之一的实验教学不仅能有助于学生加强理论学习，而且能培养和提高学生的实际操作和科学研究能力。传统实验教学的模式是教师课前讲解、学生使用显微镜进行组织切片观察、绘图提交作业，存在着一定的弊端。随着科学技术的发展和完善，显微数码互动系统已被开发并用于医学形态学科的实验教学中[1]。显微数码互动系统具有先进的语音交流、图像分析、信息共享等功能，突破了传统组织学实验教学中存在的局限性，为组织学实验教学提供了一种效率高、沟通性强的新型教学手段，有助于促进教学质量和教学效果的提高，克服了传统实验教学模式的弊端[2]。随着教学设备的更新，传统教学模式逐渐向显微数码互动教学模式进行转变。我校于2008年基础医学院的组织胚胎学实验室与山东易创公司合作，开发和建设了显微数码互动实验室；2011年在显微数码互动系统的基础上又增添了配套的数字切片系统。该系统包括教师端和学生端，由数字摄像机、数字显微镜、教师端微机单元、学生端微机单元、显微互动软件等模块儿组成。

在组织学教学中，实验教学是非常的关键环节。通过实验教学不仅为学生学习后续课程奠定理论基础，而且还能培养学生的进行科学研究的能力及意识。传统的实验教学模式通常为教师先讲授实验内容，然后学生操作显微镜并进行手工绘图的模式。这样传统的教学模式的弊端为：教师工作量大，学生自主学习能力及学习效果均较差。显微数码互动系统可将语音交流、图像分析、信息共享等功能集合在一起，为组织学实验教学提供了一种效率高、沟通性强的新型教学手段，有助于促进教学质量和教学效果的提高，突破了传统实验教学模式的弊端[1，2]。我校是国内首批建设显微数码互动系统的单位，2008年基础医学院的组织胚胎学实验室与山东易创公司合作，开发和建设了显微数码互动实验室；2011年在显微数码互动系统的基础上又增添了配套的数字切片系统。