万历三十三年,乙巳京察及其引发的争论打破了万历朝中后期一种微妙平衡状态下的政治生态,不仅促使官员重新审视楚王案与续妖书案,在不复查的前提下,对二事进行翻案;而且还导致舆论对内阁的不满情绪与日俱增,沈一贯备受言路攻诋弹劾,只得注籍不出,最终与沈鲤一同致仕,权力中枢结构发生改变.二事的"改写",促使沈一贯的形象日趋权奸化、符号化;面对朝臣的相互攻诋,明神宗采用奏疏留中,或者不处理的方式,对朝政的掌控日益衰微.万历朝后期政治生态愈加恶化,终至不可收拾之状态.

明清时期,商人地位的上升影响了商人的文本形象.商品经济与社会变迁的交融在无形之中拉大了民众之间的差距,从而导致社会对侠的需求愈加强烈,促使困于传统社会结构与社会观念的商人积极扮演"侠"这一角色,他们重然诺、乐于助人、为国事奔走,以期改变自身形象.士人也在有意识地塑造商人的侠义之风,通过文本宣扬商人的侠义行为,重塑商人职业的形象与价值观,号召更多的商人践行商人职业的侠义精神,以期构建新型的社会网络.因此,明清商人传记呈现出充满侠义精神的商人形象.在塑造商人侠义形象的基础上,士人重点强调商人的侠义行为是受到儒家思想的影响.

沈一贯担任阁臣长达十三年之久,是后张居正时期在阁时间最长的阁臣.一般认为,沈一贯在阁期间结党营私,组成以其为中心的浙党,倾陷东林,开启了晚明党争.但在沈一贯与同僚的关系,尤其是与东林的关系实态和浙党的形成轨迹、内涵、成员等方面,史家的阐述颇多歧异.揆诸明清史籍,可知党争爆发时,沈一贯早已远离政治中心,不闻时事.因特殊时代的政治背景,舆论上特定的政治诉求,沈一贯才被冠以党魁之名,被动卷入到党争中.他是朝野相互攻讦的名号,凡是被冠之以其党羽者,皆被公论所贬斥.浙党并不是一个实体,只是一个因政治斗争而被构建的群体.此外,朝野之间、官员之间的信息沟通渠道处于不畅的状态,也是沈一贯反东林形象形成的重要原因.

明清时期商人所建园林在我国园林史和文化史上占有重要地位.在日常生活得到满足的情形下,商人们开始关注更高层次的需求,修建园亭便是一个很好的举措,不仅可以满足他们的情感需求,还可以此为途径实现自身价值.商人园林大多极尽人工之巧妙,又极具使用价值.商人园林的文化功能突出,不仅是文化的载体,还储存着众多文化瑰宝.同时,以园林为场所举行的雅集及与会人员的特性,使得园林成为名园,成为一种稀缺资源、一种意象化的空间,并且“网罗”“困住”了文人与文化.园林成为名园,被文人雅士关注,又提高了园主的社会声望.

创伤、感染、肿瘤、以及各种先天性疾病是导致骨缺损的主要原因,骨移植作为骨缺损修复的常用手段,其材料包括自体骨、同种异体骨、异种或人工合成骨移植材料.理想的移植材料必须具有足够的成骨能力、骨诱导及骨传导能力.脱钙骨基质(demineralized bone matrix,DBM)作为自体骨移植的替代材料,是去除了无机成分的骨.因具有良好的骨诱导、骨传导及促成骨能力,自1965年Urist[1]首次提出DBM具有骨诱导能力以来,其对于骨缺损的修复一直受到人们的青睐.

自万历二十四年,明神宗派遣矿监税使,直至其逝世时,以遗诏废除矿税,此项政策推行达二十五年之久.明神宗欲建立一套由他掌握的税收体系,故推行矿税政策.然外廷官员的不配合,使明神宗任命宦官负责征收矿税.而宦官为得圣意,丝毫不考虑实际情形,惟以进献为务,从而对万历朝政局造成了极大的负面影响.阁臣沈一贯对矿税持反对态度,然阁臣对皇帝、皇权具有绝对的附属性,在这种形势的支配下,他没有采取强谏的方式,而是以权变为主,在奉承圣意的前提下,委婉劝谏,适度地提议修改矿税政策,并取得了一定的效果,但并没有促使明神宗废除矿税.

Lithium ion-doped polyglycerol sebacate scaffold(PGS)-Li was synthesized by adding lithium ions to polyglycerol sebacate(PGS) during its crosslinking process due to the specific effects of lithium ions on periodontal ligament cells, cementoblasts and the eminent performance of PGS. The molecular mass, composition, structure, porosity, thermal properties, and hydrophilicity of the composite were characterized by gel permeation chromatography(GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA) and contact angle measurments, and the degradation of the material was evaluated by in vitro degradation experiments. The biological activity of PGS-Li scaffold was detected by calcein-AM staining and cytotoxicity test. The results indicate that PGS-Li scaffold has been successfully synthesized, which has similar composition and structure to PGS, but slightly larger molecular weight. In addition, the porosity and pore size of PGS-Li scaffold basically meet the requirements of engineering scaffold materials and the seaffold shows better performance in terms of hydrophilicity and thermal stability than PGS. In vitro degradation experimental results show that the degradation rate of PGS-Li scaffold is higher than that of PGS. What's more, the results of cytotoxicity test and cell staining show that there is no significant difference in the proliferation and cell morphology of cementoblasts.

目的:为选择制备卡铂缓释微粒的材料提供参考.方法:以"卡铂""缓释""微粒""Carboplatin""Release""Microparticle"等为关键词,组合查询1997年1月-2017年4月在中国知网、PubMed、Web of Science、Elsevier等数据库中的相关文献,对常用的制备卡铂缓释微粒的材料特点、制备方法及国内外相关研究等方面进行综述.结果与结论:共检索到相关文献193篇,其中有效文献26篇.常用的制备卡铂缓释微粒的材料有聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)、聚己内酯(PCL)、明胶、海藻酸盐/壳聚糖及其他材料.PLGA的降解时间可通过改变丙交酯和乙交酯的比例使其从几天变到几年,可通过更复杂的表面修饰使PLGA微粒的靶向性更强、到达靶器官的药物浓度更高.但PLGA的制备方法目前难以应用于大规模的生产,其重现性和稳定性还有待提高.PCL不仅可主动和被动地靶向肿瘤组织,而且能避免卡铂给药的溶血副作用.但PCL目前的研究均是在体外及动物体内进行,进入人体的研究相对较少.明胶材料的优点包括易乳化、水溶性、成膜、弹性和天然可生物降解,然而其微粒普遍表现出突释现象,想要制备出缓释性能更好的传递系统,需要与其他材料联合应用.海藻酸钠/壳聚糖微粒能有效地保留高分子的生物活性,作为负载各种药剂及食品抗菌剂的包埋材料在医药、食品工业和化妆品等领域中具有良好的应用前景.但对于卡铂的包载,其受到氯离子的影响,包封率较低.虽然每种缓释材料的特性不同,对卡铂的包载程度不一,但制备出的缓释微粒均比卡铂溶液具有更稳定的化学性质、更长的缓释时间、更强的靶向作用以及更低的全身毒性.今后应从卡铂缓释微粒载药量和包封率的进一步提高、药物释放速率及缓释时间的精确控制、缓释体系的表面改性及多种缓释体系的联合应用等方面进行深入研究.

Objective:To make the fixed partial dentures with different materials and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)examination of head and neck was carried out to investigate the effects of fixed partial dentures on MRI.Methods:A qualified volunteer was recruited,who was conventionally restored using fixed partial denture. Co-Cr alloy,Au-Pt alloy and Zirconia were chosen as the inner crown materials,respectively.Three kinds of fixed partial dentures were put into the mouth of patient,and 2 kinds of MRI scan sequences (T1-TSE and T2-TSE) were performed.The scanning images without restorations were used as controls.The change of shape,image signal and involving layers of artifacts of different materials in three groups were observed.The maximum diameter of artifact of three materials in coronal, sagittal and axial images were detected. The safeties of fixed partial dentures were observed. Results: The artifacts were found in all the restorations and showed the changes of strengthen and weaken of the signal and the changs of shapes of images.The range of artifacts was the largest in the involved central plane and varied in sagittal,coronal and axial images. The number of involving layers of artifacts in Co-Cr alloy group was significantly more than those in Au-Pt alloy and Zirconia groups;the artifacts were limited in the repaired lateral maxillofacial region without the cervical spine and head region involvement.The artifacts in Co-Cr alloy group involved or slightly involved in all adjacent tissues,and the artifacts in Au-Pt alloy and Zirconia groups only slightly affected the mandibular teeth,lingual muscles and maxillary crowns.The maximum diameter of artifacts in Co-Cr alloy group was larger than those in Au-Pt alloy group and Zirconia group (P <0.05). No displacement was found in the prosthesis,and the patient had no discomfort.Conclusion:The artifact of the fixed partial denture can be seen in MRI examination.Co-Cr alloy or zirconia can significantly reduce the effect of artifact.Fixed adhesive prosthesis in mouth does not affect the safety of MRI examination.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,it was popular to compile choreographies. As a force that cannot be neglected at that time,the merchantsˊ deeds were excerpted in choreographies,including merchants and non -merchants biographies. The images of merchants in these biographies are rather different. The former concentrated on the active image of merchants while the latter mainly indicated the predicament of merchants. The compiling process and purpose of local histories,needs of readers,as well as the merchantsˊ deeds are the main factors that contribute to the phenomenon mentioned above.

明清文献记载了大量有关商人从事社会公益事业的事迹,也塑造了较为完美的商人形象.他人的劝捐和求助,以及商人自身所遇是商人获取善举信息的主要渠道.促使商人产生善举行为的原因可分为外部因素和商人本身因素,如财富观、社会人文环境,商人对安全、尊重、名望的需求等等.对施救者(商人)与求助者(其他群体)而言,善举是一种有偿的互动,双方各取所需.在常态过程中,他们可进行良好的互动;而一旦求助者超出了界限,无休止地索要,商人们便会选择逃离,甚者因此家道中落.

Objective:To prepare the multilayer alginate chitosan microspheres loading vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vancomycin (VAN), and to study in vitro release characteristics.Methods:The microspheres were prepared by emulsion cross-linking and self-assembly techniques.The effects of sodium alginate concentration, calcium chloride concentration, oil/water ratio and span80 concentration on the entrapment efficiency(EE) and drug loading(DL) of VEGF and VAN were investigated by orthogonal experimental design to optimize the preparation process.The surface morphology and particle size of microspheres were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).Self-assembly was detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR).The EE, DL and in vitro release of VEGF and VAN were detected by ELISA double antibody sandwich method and ultraviolet spectrophotometry,and the cumulative release curve was drawn.Results:The prepared microspheres were yellowish brown powder.The SEM results showed that the microspheres were spherical, the surface was smoothy, and the dispersity was better.The average particle size was about 50 μm.Sodium alginate concentration of 1.0 g·mL-1, CaCl2 concentration of 8 g·mL-1, oil to water ratio of 3∶1, and span80 concentration of 2% were the best formula.The EE of VEGF and VAN were 49.63% and 16.67%, respectively.In vitro, the cumulative release last 16.5 d and 12.5 d respectively and the amount reached up to 95%.Conclusion:The multilayer alginate chitosan microspheres loading VEGF and VAN present several advantages, such as smaller particle size, higher EE and better controlled release.

Objective:To investigate the influence of multilayer alginate chitosan sustained-release microspheres loading vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and vancomycin in the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human plaacenta-derived mesen chymal stem cells(HPMSCs),and to provide theoretical basis for its clinical application in the repair of bone defect.Methods:The microspheres were prepared based on the previous research and HPMSCs were co-cultured with drug (VEGF/vancomycin)-loaded microspheres (drug-loaded microspheres+HPMSCs group), non-drug loaded microspheres (microspheres+HPMSCs group) and without any microspheres (HPMSCs group).Then the proliferation rate of HPMSCs was identified by CCK-8 kit.The osteogenic differentiation potential of HPMSCs was detected by Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) kit when the HPMSCs had been co-cultured with drug loaded microspheres in osteogenic medium (HPMSCs+drug-loaded microspheres+induction group), non-drug loaded microspheres in osteogenic medium (HPMSCs+microspheres+induction group), without any microspheres in osteogenic medium (HPMSCs+induction group) and without any micropheres in normal medium (HPMSCs+PBS group) for 21 d.Results:Compared with HPMSCs group,the proliferation rates of HPMSCs in drug-loaded microspheres+HPMSCs and microspheres+HPMSCs groups had no significant changes (P>0.05).The calcium deposition in HPMSCs+drug-loaded microspheres+induction group was more than those in microspheress+HPMSCs+indution group and HPMSCs+induction group after Aalizarin red staining;the ALP activity in drug-loaded microspheres+HPMSCs+indution group was higher than those in microspheres+HPMSCs+indution group and HPMSCs+induction group (P<0.05),and the ALP activity in microspheres+HPMSCs+induction group was higher than that in HPMSCs+induction group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The sustained-release microspheres loading VEGF and vancomycin have no significant effect on the proliferation activity of HPMSCs and the microspheres could stimulate the osteogenic differentiation of HPMSCs.

朱椿为明代蜀府第一代蜀王,时称贤王;而张三丰是明清时期名望颇高的道士.明清文献记载二人曾有所往来,朱椿亦称张三丰为"吾师".但关于张三丰本身就存有较大争议.通过阅读署名为蜀王朱椿和张三丰对二人交往事的记载、以及其他人对此事的记载,并将这些记载进行分析与对比,从中发现包括朱椿与张三丰所作的诗歌在内的所有相关的文献记载,在二人交往的时间、地点、互赠诗歌内容等方面都存有疑议与彼此矛盾处.从而可以得出朱椿与张三丰本是无关联的两个历史人物,却被持有不同目的的人捆绑在一起.

Objective:To explore the protein component changes in human placenta--derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPDMSCs) transfected with LIM mineralization protein-1 (LMP-1) gene using proteomics technologies.Methods:The hPDMSCsLMP-1 and hPDMSCsvector were collected to extract total proteins.The two-dimen sional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) of total proteins in cells of two groups was created.The 2-DE map was analyzed and compared using PDQuest software to find out differentially expressed protein spots.These differentially expressed candidate proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS).Six protein spots (PCNA,vimentin,annexin A1,annexin A2,eEF2 and peroxiredoxin-1) which were closely related to osteogenesis and had a higher MALDI-TOF-MS-MS score were selected and detected by Western blotting.Results:The 2-DE maps of total proteins in cells were successfully established.Twenty-two differentially expressed protein spots with a difference in expression between hPDMSCsLMP 1 and hPDMSCsvector were identified by PDQuest 2-D Analysis Software.Combination of MALDI -TOF-MS and database search identified a total of 15 differentially expressed protein spots.Of all the identified protein spots,9 proteins were up-regulated and 6 proteins were down-regulated in hPDMSCsLMP-1 as compared with the hPDMSCsvector.Western blot results were fully consistent with proteomics.Conclusion:Fifteen differentially expressed proteins in hPDMSCsLMP-1 were identified.They were potentially important participants in osteogenic differentiation,laid the foundation for further molecular mechanism elucidation of LMP-1 on hPDMSCs cell function and osteogenic differentiation.

ZHU Chun was the first prince of Shu Mansion in Ming Dynasty , and ZHU Di was the third emperor of Ming Dynasty .Before ZHU Di became emperor , both of them were princes and were brothers originally .After the outbreak of Jingnan Campaign , the brotherhood relations between them gave way to the monarch-subject one .Works written in Ming and Qing Dynasties recorded that ZHU Chun had re-ceived a preferential treatment and high praises by Emperor Yongle , and that he was also loyal and devot-ed to the Emperor .In Ming Dynasty , relationships among the royal family were always intense .Based on careful analyses about ZHU Chun , e.g.the relationships between him and Emperor Jianwen , his disclo-sure of ZHU Hui’ s rebellion, and his attitudes towards the incident of FANG Xiao -ru’ s martyrdom, this article found the relationship between ZHU Chun and Emperor Yongle was not as simple as what it looks like in historical records .

作为我国17至18世纪主要小说流派之一的佳人才子小说，在精心讲述佳人与才子的爱情故事之余，也融入了作者们的区域观念，呈现出不同的区域印象。佳人才子小说共涉及江南、扬州、成都、山东和塞北五个地区的印象。通过分析出现次数以及印象词汇，可以看出江南和扬州的整体印象要高于其他3个地区。造成这一现象的原因主要包括现实中各地的发展程度存在着较大的差距，以及作者对江南和扬州地区的认同感强烈。

东晋南朝两性关系在继承以往的风俗之余,在男女定位、婚姻以及妓女产业和通奸方面又增添了新的内容和特点,士人也在情与礼中挣扎.产生这一现象的原因很多,早已形成的礼教继续扩散其影响,影响着社会的运转;社会观念的变迁,审美之风的转变;时人耽于内部的争权夺利之中,困惑于人生的短暂、人事的无常,因而更加注重追求生活的乐趣与享受.

北宋时期,士大夫和妓女作为两个不同的社会群体,他们有着不同的社会地位和生活背景,同时也存在着相同的困惑,从而他们在人生价值和情感需求上形成了某种意义上的互济。这种互济贯穿于他们的交往中,成为他们人生轨迹中不可或缺的一部分。然而这种互济又是不平等的。