苹果产品零部件全球价值链是反映全球电子信息产业格局及指示产业迁移扩散的风向标.利用苹果公司公布的2012-2020年供应商及其子公司数据,研究了苹果产品零部件全球价值链地理分布特征及变化,并从全球化、市场化、地方化以及技术管制分析驱动机制.研究发现:第一,苹果产品零部件全球价值链宏观格局具有非常强的少数国家或地区集中分布特征.美国、日本、韩国、中国台湾以及少数东南亚国家在价值链中高端环节具有较强分布优势,而中国则在中、低端环节具有明显分布优势.第二,苹果产品零部件全球价值链的总体格局为高价值环节供应商以美国、日本双核为"龙头",中等价值环节以日本、中国、中国台湾三强作"龙身",低价值环节以中国和中国台湾为"龙尾",形成了一种新型联动式"龙型"发展格局,中国逐渐向"龙身"迈进.第三,苹果产品零部件全球价值链微观分布主要呈现出"太平洋东岸研发设计、西岸零件制造"格局.中、高价值零部件环节倾向于布局在北美、西欧、东亚以及东南亚等地的主要城市化地区,而低价值零部件环节主要呈现向中国东南沿海大城市及周边和向内陆扩张趋势,越南、印度的新兴城市化地区释放出较强的在中、低端环节"分流"信号.第四,全球化催生了苹果产品零部件全球价值链的基本形态,市场化主导了这一形态,而地方化要素和技术管制在不断构建新的形态,通过综合影响促使苹果产品零部件全球价值链集中在东亚和东南亚、北美及西欧的主要城市化地区.

The electronic information manufacturing industry is characterized by a very significant intra-product specialization and can display the characteristics of a regional division of labor. Looking at the existing literature, most studies have mainly examined the position of different countries in the spatial division of labor from the perspective of global value chains, with fewer empirical analyses at the city level or regional scale. Furthermore, deepening the regional division of labor in value chains is an effective way to promote regional industrial synergy and high-quality economic development. Based on the number of listed enterprises and the total number of parent–subsidiary investment connections in the electronic information manufacturing industry, this study reveals the characteristics of the deeper regional division of labor among cities by analyzing the Value Chain Division Index (VCDI). Subsequently, we used the fractional response regression model to analyze influencing factors. We found that, firstly, the core cities are dominated by the production of high-value parts, while the peripheral cities are mainly dominated by the production of middle- and low-value parts. Specifically, northern Anhui, northern Jiangsu, and southwestern Zhejiang are obviously in a disadvantaged position regarding the regional division of labor in the value chain. In the production of middle- and high-value parts, there are close investment connections between the core cities, and only a few peripheral cities maintain a certain degree of connection with the core cities. Therefore, there is a need to further strengthen industrial investment connections between the core and peripheral cities. Secondly, the regional division of labor in the value chain in the Yangtze River Delta region shows the following characteristic: a “one super, many strong” pattern. That is to say, the VCDI value of Shanghai is the highest, and the VCDI value of Suzhou, Ningbo, and Wuxi is also relatively high, while the VCDI value of peripheral cities is relatively low. Furthermore, we found that there is a relatively obvious regional division of labor among cities, but the core cities have strong homogeneity in the high-value areas. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the dislocation of competition between core cities. Thirdly, the model results show that rising land prices and construction in the development zones at the provincial and national levels both have significant contributing effects on the enhancement of the regional division of labor in the value chain, while the innovation inputs, innovation outputs, and their interaction terms show a negative effect. There is a need to further enhance the efficiency of innovation transformation and improve the quality of innovation transformation in order to promote upgrading in the value chain.

Based on the list of suppliers and their subsidiaries published by Apple Inc.from 2012 to 2021,the authors collected the information related to the countries and cities where they were located,and formed the overall data of the distribution and changes of global value chains of Apple's e-parts.At the same time,Herfindhal index,location entropy and other methods were used to further characterize the degree of distribution concentration,the position of different countries or regions,and the microscopic distribution characteristics of different value chain links,and obtained the dataset of global supplier distribution changes of Apple's e-parts(2012-2021).The dataset mainly includes the following data from 2012 to 2021:(1)Apple's e-parts supplier headquarter data and components classification by value chains;(2)Apple's e-parts supplier subsidiaries address data and components classification by value chains;(3)cumulative distribution of Apple's e-parts suppliers;(4)changes of Herfindahl index in different parts of Apple's e-parts;(5)changes in the comparative advantages of the distribution number of supplier subsidiaries in different countries and regions;(6)micro-distribution changes of global value chains of Apple's e-parts.The dataset is archived in.xlsx format,and consists of three files with data size of 876 KB(Compressed into one file with 805 KB).The analysis paper based on the dataset was published at Geographical Research,Vol.42,No.3,2023.

In the post-globalization era, the global supply chain of consumer electronics is undergoing new changes and being reshaped constantly. Based on the data of Apple’s parts suppliers in 2018 and 2021, this paper analyzes the distribution characteristics and changes of the global supply chain of Apple’s parts, the distribution changes of the supply chain in key areas, and the distribution changes of the supply chain in provinces and cities in China before and after the COVID-19, using the methods of Herfindahl index, location quotient and distribution quantity ratio. A comprehensive perspective on the changing characteristics and recent trends of the global supply chain of consumer electronics in the post-globalization era. Research findings: First of all, the current global supply chain of Apple’s parts is concentrated in a few countries and regions, such as China, Japan, the United States, China’s Taiwan and South Korea. Compared before and after the COVID-19,it was found that the core parts had a significant trend of returning to China’s Taiwan and South Korea, while the layout to Southeast Asia was increased. The trend of large-scale withdrawal from China and return to the United States was not significant. Secondly, the chip design and manufacturing links show a further centralized trend to the United States,China, China’s Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia and other countries （regions）; Although the distribution of liquid crystal display and touch control is dual-core in China and Japan,the increase of distribution in South Korea, Vietnam and the United States leads to a certain momentum of dispersion. Although China has unique advantages in the distribution number of assembly foundry and packaging and printing links, Vietnam shows a strong trend of separation. Thirdly, the distribution of Apple’s parts global supply chain in China presents a "core-periphery" pattern; After the COVID-19, the "dual core" status of Guangdong and Jiangsu decreased, while the status of Shanghai increased significantly. Moreover, Inner Mongolia and Yunnan began to enter the global supply chain of Apple’s parts. Fourthly, the distribution of foreign suppliers in China has declined, mainly due to the decreasing in the distribution of non-core links, and the distribution of core links is relatively stable. Finally,we put forward China’s strategies to cope with changes from three aspects: improving the control power in the supply chain system, building an independent and controllable supply chain system, and building a new cooperative relationship.

基于11315企业征信系统和国家企业信用信息公示系统挖掘长江中游城市群生产性服务业企业总部-分支数据,由此构建长江中游城市群空间关联网络,并通过模块度、PageRank值和冲积图等方法,研究了2000-2014年长江中游城市群社团结构的时空演化特征,并形成相应的数据集.数据集采用.xlsx表格存储,数据量为311 KB,包括了过程数据和结果数据.结果表明:(1)长江中游城市群空间关联网络逐渐形成分别以武汉、长沙和南昌为中心向外辐射的轮轴状形态;(2)长江中游城市群空间关联网络形成武汉社团、长沙社团和南昌社团3个内部联系紧密的城市社团;(3)各城市社团的网络地位在动态中不断调整;(4)各城市社团之间的关系存在非均衡性和非对称性特征;(5)行政分割特征明显,各社团内部形成"核心-次核心-边缘"的拓扑结构.

城市和区域空间组织及其形态是经济社会发展活动的空间投影.从20世纪80年代开始,全球化进入了快速发展阶段,国际金融、国际投资和国际贸易形成全球经济的核心框架,而基于产品内分工、模块化组织的低成本生产制造和服务全球外包,推动资本、商品、人口、信息等全球流动和地方镶嵌,催生卡斯特尔提出的"流的空间",并由此推动世界城市、全球城市的诞生[1].国际金融、国际投资和国际贸易在生产组织上基于价值链不同环节的地方镶嵌,推动地方(城市和区域)的全球化和区域化联系并建构全球生产网络,由此形成大都市区、全球城市—区域、都市圈、城市群、城市网络等新的城市和区域空间形态[2].

基于2003-2018年企业股权关联投资数据,融合社会网络分析、马尔可夫链分析和空间计量方法,从全球、全国和区域尺度探析长三角地区城市投资联系水平的时空动态特征及影响因素.研究发现:①长三角地区各尺度的城际投资规模大幅提升,与关境外地区、关境内地区和长三角区域内的投资联系分别呈现服务业驱动型、制造业驱动型和行业均衡型特征.②各尺度城市投资网络呈现区域指向性和多中心演化特征,上海、杭州、南京等在长三角地区逐渐发挥对外辐合全球和全国投资、对长三角地区内部辐射区域的作用.③与关境外、关境内和区域内的城市投资联系水平空间分布不均,以沪宁合杭甬发展廊道为支撑的空间结构逐渐凸显,并分别呈现低水平区集中连片分布、改善空间先沿海后内陆扩张、中低水平区广域化扩张的突出特征.④城市投资联系水平整体呈现向邻近较高水平方向转移态势,很难实现跨越式转移,存在显著的俱乐部趋同效应和马太效应.随着空间尺度的扩大,向较高水平方向转移的难度随之增大,俱乐部趋同效应和马太效应也随之增强.地理空间格局在各尺度的城市投资联系水平状态转移中发挥着重要作用,发展水平较高和较低的城市对周边城市分别产生正向和负向的空间溢出效应.⑤产业基础、劳动力成本、城市行政级别对各尺度的城市投资联系水平均有显著影响,创新能力对各尺度的城市投资联系水平均未产生显著影响,时间距离对全球和全国尺度的城市投资联系水平影响显著,经济全球化仅对全球尺度的城市投资联系水平产生显著影响.

以制造业集聚指数作为测度指标,利用空间面板数据模型检验了地方化、城市化以及全球化要素对制造业整体集聚水平的具体影响.研究发现:①长三角区域制造业高度集中在苏南-上海-杭(杭州)绍(绍兴)甬(宁波)组成的区域且地位稳固,同时苏北和浙西南地区的制造业虽然比例较低,但是总体地位有所提升.②地方化要素中的职工工资和开发区变量对县域制造业集聚具有显著的正向作用,土地价格则呈现出显著的负向影响,市场规模和交通的作用不稳定.城市化要素中的城市规模、城镇化率、外来迁入人口以及城市制造业结构多样化均表现出显著的正向促进作用,表明了长三角区域城市化的推进促进了制造业集聚水平的提升.全球化表现出不同的作用方向,其中FDI对制造业集聚指数的影响显著为负,出口变量表现出显著的正向作用.

基于生产性服务企业内部组织的关系型数据,从联系、节点、类型3个方面对长江中游城市群空间关联网络演变特征进行解析,在此基础上揭示影响城市群网络演变的主要驱动因素.结果表明:长江中游城市群处于以快速拓展网络联系覆盖范围为主的初级阶段,并逐渐呈现出轮轴状空间形态特征;空间关联网络结构层级化集聚态势明显,且网络节点数量和强度中心度分别呈现出清晰的"金字塔型"和"倒梯型"的结构特征;综合考虑各研究单元在网络中的相对联系规模和主导联系流向,可将研究单元分为网络流出活跃区、均衡活跃区、网络流入活跃区以及非活跃区4种类型,且空间分异格局日益清晰;市场力量、政府力量和技术力量等因素共同驱动着长江中游城市群空间关联网络的时空演变.

首位度是度量首位城市地位的一项指标,属于城市规模分布的研究领域.通过选取1978年、2010年、2019年三年的数据分析我国省会城市首位度的变化可以发现:省会城市首位度总体趋向上升,沿海和中西部省会城市首位度差异比较明显,沿海地区省会城市首位度较低,而中西部地区省会城市首位度普遍较高.对外开放和自然地理条件是造成这种差异的主要原因.通过计算省会城市首位度和经济集聚度之间的相关系数可以发现,二者的关系接近于弱相关,即提升省会城市首位度并不必然产生相应的经济集聚.据此,省会城市要走高质量发展的道路,需从三个方面进行转型:一是提升服务能级,增强辐射效应;二是推进市民化,促进社会融合:三是优化城市空间结构,推进都市圈建设.

选取2012-2018年苹果公司供应商数据,运用赫芬达尔指数和GIS空间分析描述苹果零部件供应链空间分布特征,利用负二项回归方法检验地方粘性与全球链接两大要素的作用.结果表明:①苹果供应链呈现出少数城市和省域集聚性、大城市群的高度集聚性、城市等级规模的衰减性三大特征.②长三角和珠三角核心城市表现为同、异功能供应商区位共聚特征,一般城市和中西部的城市以单一产品专业化生产为主且表现为同功能供应商区位共聚特征.③苹果零部件供应链倾向于在产业开发区较多、交通便利且与全球贸易联系紧密的城市分布.供应链上游企业倾向于向经济发达且人口规模较大的城市分布,而生产成本上涨则会显著妨碍上游企业进入;外资增长会对供应链中游的企业区位选择产生负向作用;供应链下游倾向于向制造业人口较多、港口运输能力较强且参与全球贸易较多的城市区位布局.

With the acceleration of urbanisation in China, the spatial form of mega-city regions has emerged. This chapter first reviews the developing progress of mega-city regions, and proposes that the metropolitan area is the basic unit to define mega-city regions. Based on five indicators, this chapter uses the data of the fifth national census to identify 13 mega-city regions with a minimum population of 10 million in 2000. Then, this chapter proposes a multi-index evaluation system to calculate the competitiveness of 13 mega-city regions. The chosen indicators come from the perspective of population size, economic development, transport accessibility, integration in global economy and development of science and education. The result shows that there are great disparities in competitiveness across different mega-city regions. Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan are the top mega-city regions with the highest level of development and have significant global influence as well. Chengdu-Chongqing in west China and coastal regions such as south-central Liaoning and Shandong peninsula belong to the second tier of mega-city region which has relatively strong national influence. Remaining regions belong to the third tier which only has limited regional influence. Moreover, the competitiveness of a mega-city region more likely depends on the advanced functions of its core city. Finally, this chapter particularly concerns the leading mega-city regions in China by revealing the advantages and disadvantages of Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan.

Mega-city regions (MCRs) have emerged as the main spatial form of China's new urbanization strategy and become the basic spatial units participating in global and regional competition. However, MCRs are not equally capable of boosting regional economic development due to their different levels of development. Therefore, this paper adopts the concept of competitiveness as both a theoretical framework and an empirical model to evaluate the development status of China's MCRs. Based on a review of the existing literature, this paper proposes a multi-tier evaluation system to calculate the competitiveness of 13 MCRs. The chosen indicators come from the six perspectives of economic development, human resources, infrastructural accessibility, integration into the global economy, capacity for scientific and technological innovation, and sustainable development. The results show that there are great disparities and regional inequalities in competitiveness across different MCRs. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan MCRs are the first-tier MCRs with the highest levels of development and have significant global influence as well. Chengdu-Chongqing, Shandong Peninsula, South-central Liaoning, and Wuhan belong to the second-tier of MCRs that show partial advantages and have significant regional influence. The remaining regions belong to the third- or fourth-tier of MCRs that have relatively weak competitiveness. The competitiveness of MCRs largely depends on the concentration of core elements in core cities.

To reveal the complexity of China's urban network, this paper proposes an empirical approach to examining the evolutionary mechanism of, rather than just mapping, the spatial pattern of the Chinese urban network from 1997 to 2015. The results show that the Chinese urban network is a complex structure that is embedded in China's unique context, where two interwoven processes, namely, globalization and decentralization, have shaped the network's spatial pattern. Moreover, the Chinese urban network is shifting from a single-core structure, with Beijing as its center, towards a diamond structure, anchored by the four `national centers' of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu. Along with the transformation of their network structure, Chinese cities are interacting more closely and frequently. The results of the exponential random graph model (ERGM) show that the two interconnected forces, namely, globalization and decentralization, have tremendous impacts on the evolution of the Chinese urban network. Specifically, the uneven decentralization has a complex effect on the evolution of China's urban network in terms of a polarization-trickle-down-repolarization process. And the integration of inland China into the process of globalization has a significant effect on the connectivity of Chinese cities and causes a significant rise of central and western cities within the Chinese urban network.

The past decade has witnessed a blossoming of megaregional plans throughout China. However, it is still unclear whether megaregions delineated in these plans are based on a functionally integrated foundation or imagined by the government. This study takes the Central Yangtze River Megaregion (CYRM)-a cross-jurisdictional megaregion planned as a leading regional integration platform in Central China-as a case to examine the mismatch between the governmentally designated regions and functionally integrated regions. Specifically, this research employs the community detection algorithm to identify functionally integrated regions within the CYRM based on producer services networks, then associate the formation of these network-based regions with territorial factors. The results show that the integration of identified first-tier functional regions is subject to the provincial administrative divisions; whereas, the locally planned regions comply with the second-tier functionally integrated regions spatially. Besides, the regression results indicate that the territorial factors are significantly associated with the above spatial patterns. Hence, the region-making practices initiated by the local governments rather than the central government, are more consistent with the conditions of regional economic development.

世界地理作为中国地理学的重要分支学科,特指研究中国以外区域或国家的地理学科,是中国特有的学科分类现象.中国地理学的这种内外有别的思想对世界地理发展危害甚大,至今都难以消弭.忽视世界地理研究,就会有只见树木、不见森林之虞.为了贯彻落实党的“十九大”精神,繁荣探索新型科研组织机制,打造一流世界地理学科,服务国家重大国际战略需求,来自国内高校、科研院所的百余人齐聚一堂,探讨中国世界地理学科发展之路.与会专家一致认为:地理学是国家发展的法宝,是立国之本.当前世界政治经济格局加速重构,为中国地理学发展带来了前所未有的历史机遇,也赋予地理学特别是世界地理学学科新的重大历史使命.为此,须充分发挥地理学科的优势和特长,紧跟国家和世界发展大势,树立全球眼光,面向国家重大战略需求,把自然与人文结合起来,面向可持续发展,团结国内各相关单位,进行跨学科研究,提升世界地理学科为二级学科,构建具有中国特色的世界地理学理论体系、逻辑框架和学科范式,提升中国地理学科,特别是世界地理学科服务国家和地方发展的能力.

中国城市网络的研究起源于20世纪80年代的城市经济体制改革,近十多年来,受到来自国外城市网络研究理论和方法的影响.追溯20世纪80—90年代中国城市网络的研究动态,梳理当前城市网络研究的三大领域,即全球生产网络、企业内部网络、基础设施网络的脉络,并指出存在的问题,然后提出如何紧密联系中国的城镇化实践,形成自主性的中国城市网络研究具有重要的现实意义.

信息化与工业化的融合是推动产业结构升级和经济发展方式转变的重大战略部署,而创新要素对"两化"融合的作用显著.因此,推动创新链与产业链的深度融合发展,对于当前我国各地经济增长与稳步发展来说意义重大.在创新价值链、区域创新网络、创新区等理论概念的基础上,以杭州市为例,探究城市产业链和创新链深度融合的发展态势,并从空间战略层面提出智造产业未来发展的政策启示和规划策略.研究所寻求的城市产业与创新协同发展的分析框架和应用案例,可为其他大城市探索产业发展规划提供借鉴和参考.

长江三角洲区域一体化经历了三个阶段,形成了比较有效的区域协调互动合作机制.当前,长江三角洲区域一体化已上升为国家战略.本文认为,长江三角洲区域一体化应在社会主义市场经济体制机制改革上走在全国的前列,通过生产要素的自由流动推进经济一体化.鉴于长江三角洲扩容后存在显著的区域内部差异,长江三角洲要推进覆盖全域的一体化,以逐步缩小区域差异,实现区域的均衡发展.

全球化时代国际航空运输快速增长,促进了全球各类要素在供应商、生产商和消费者之间的空间分配.依托航空运输而生的临空经济也逐渐成为推动区域经济增长的新引擎,是我国当前区域发展的一股新潮流.本文在回顾相关文献和国际案例的基础上,通过对郑州航空港区发展案例的解析,分析了临空经济与郑州发展形成良性互动关系的根本原因,并进一步引入战略耦合的理论,总结出全球化背景下临空经济推动地方发展的三重耦合模型:全球化和城市化完成了地方耦合的过程;跨国公司与地方政府基于供需关系完成了战略耦合的过程;航空大都市提供了上述两种耦合的空间场所,成为空间耦合的载体.