Agaricus bisporus is the most widely consumed edible mushroom and an important source of dietary protein and bioactive compounds. The casing layer plays a critical role in its cultivation, where microbial communities and metabolic activities strongly affect yield and quality, however, the stage-resolved research gap remains that it is still unclear which microbial and metabolic shifts in the casing layer are associated with primordia initiation and subsequent quality formation. In this study, the ecological and metabolic basis of mushroom quality formation was investigated by the combination of microbiome sequencing, non-targeted metabolomics, and functional genomics. Microbial communities exhibited stage-specific dynamics, with significant restructuring during primordia formation, when community cohesion and niche breadth reached their highest levels (0.68 +/- 0.06 and 4.48 +/- 1.05, respectively). A total of 1108 non-volatile metabolites were identified from metabolomic profiling. The adenosine and tryptophan exhibited significant changes and were enriched in energy and amino acid metabolism pathways. A representative strain, Pseudomonas putida AT130, was isolated from the genus Pseudomonas. The gene clusters related to phosphate solubilization, potassium mobilization, lignin degradation, and indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis were revealed by genome analysis with the multifunctional activities being confirmed through in vitro assays. Pot experiments further showed that AT130 inoculation improved mushroom performance, increasing fruiting body yield by 123.55% and enhancing nutritional traits (protein and soluble sugars increased, whereas ash decreased) relative to the control. These findings linked casing-layer microbiota with mushroom quality and identified AT130 as a promising food-grade bioinoculant to enhance A. bisporus nutritional value and productivity.

Beyond nutrition, taste quality is a key quality trait driving the global popularity of Agaricus bisporus. This study systematically investigated non-volatile taste-related metabolite dynamics in caps and stipes during fruiting body development using non-targeted metabolomics. Among 1358 identified metabolites (974 in caps, 997 in stipes), 328 taste-related metabolites were screened. Applying screening criteria of VIP > 1, p < 0.01, and fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5, 492 and 446 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in cap and stipe during fruiting body development, respectively. Cross-tissue comparison revealed 975 tissue-specific DAMs between cap and stipe across all developmental stages. Notably, 127 and 116 taste-related DAMs in cap and stipe, respectively, exhibited seven distinct accumulation profiles. Key umami-related compounds, aroma precursors, and antioxidants peaked in cap tissue at stage 3 (closed cup stage), suggesting a preliminary optimal harvest timing for market-quality mushrooms based on metabolic profiling of non-volatile taste-active compounds. Organic acids and nucleotides were more abundant in immature stages, while phosphorylated six-carbon sugars showed stipe-dominant accumulation at middle-late stages. Notably, all taste-related conclusions are inferred from non-volatile metabolite characterization rather than direct sensory measurements. KEGG pathway enrichment highlighted that taste-related metabolites primarily shaped taste via amino acid biosynthesis, cofactor metabolism, lysine biosynthesis, and nucleotide pathways. These insights provide a metabolic foundation for optimizing cultivation strategies and enhancing product quality in Agaricus bisporus.

The analysis of changes in subcellular water distribution during mushroom fruiting is essential for elucidating the movement of water molecules within subcellular compartments. However, prior research on mushrooms has predominantly concentrated on alterations in water status during drying and postharvest processes in the food processing sector. Knowledge regarding subcellular water compartments throughout mushroom growth and fruiting remains limited. In the present study, the dynamics of subcellular water status across various growth stages of Agaricus bisporus were investigated using LF-NMR relaxometry. Three components were resolved from transverse relaxation curves, assigned to cell wall, cytoplasmic and vacuolar water, in both whole mushroom and mushroom tissues (stalk and Pileus). As fruiting body developed, the proton degree of freedom of three water fractions determined by T2 measurement all increased. The T2 values of three water fractions in stalk were higher than those in pileus during the first three stages, whereas they became lower compared to those in pileus from somewhere between the two stages of 2–3 and 3–4. Apparently different patterns of change in three water contents were observed, indicating the variations in water distribution at subcellular level. Furthermore, relative humidities caused obvious changes in water status. In addition, highly significant correlations were observed between T2 and textural parameters, indicating that the dynamics of water status exert a substantial influence on the formation of mushroom quality. A consistent increase in the transverse proton degree of freedom of three distinct water fractions, accompanied by markedly divergent patterns in the variations of the three water contents, was observed across different growth stages of fruiting bodies. Subsequently, highly significant correlations between T2 and textural parameters were established. This study would contribute to reveal macroscopic water transport within mushroom tissues and provide theoretical insights for optimizing high-quality mushroom cultivation.

The valine glutamine (VQ) proteins are transcription cofactors involved in various aspects of plant biology, including growth, development, and stress resistance, making them an attractive target for genetic engineering aimed at enhancing plant resilience and productivity. However, comprehensive reports or systematic studies on VQ cofactors in Salix suchowensis remain lacking. In this study, we analyzed SsVQ genes using bioinformatics methods based on the Salix suchowensis genome database. Expression profiles were further investigated through qRT-PCR under six treatments: PEG, NaCl, 40 °C, ABA, SA, and MeJA. A total of 39 SsVQ genes were identified, with phylogenetic analysis classifying them into seven groups. Collinearity analysis suggested that SsVQ gene amplification primarily resulted from whole genome duplication (WGD) or segmental duplication events. Ka/Ks ratios indicated that willow VQ genes have undergone predominantly purifying selection. Gene structure analysis revealed that SsVQ genes are intronless. Multiple sequence alignment showed that SsVQ19 shares similarity with PtVQ27, containing a hydrophilic threonine (T) residue preceding the VQ amino acid residues. Furthermore, genes within each group exhibited conserved structures and VQ motifs. Promoter and expression analyses suggested the potential roles of SsVQ genes in regulating willow responses to environmental stresses and hormonal signals. Most SsVQ genes displayed differential expression at specific time points, with six members (SsVQ2, SsVQ9, SsVQ12, SsVQ23, SsVQ32, and SsVQ34) showing sustained high-amplitude expression profiles across treatments. Notably, SsVQ34 demonstrated pronounced transcriptional induction under PEG stress, with expression levels upregulated by 62.29-fold (1 h), 49.21-fold (6 h), 99.9-fold (12 h), and 201.50-fold (24 h). Certain SsVQ genes showed co-expression under abiotic/hormonal stresses, implying synergistic functions. Paralogous gene pairs exhibited stronger co-expression than non-paralogous pairs. This study provides novel insights into the structural and functional characteristics of the VQ gene family in Salix suchowensis, establishing a foundation for future research on the stress-resistance mechanisms of willow VQ genes.

Background Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are plant-specific and play important roles in plant defense against environmental stresses. Identification and functional studies have been carried out in model plants such as rice, Arabidopsis thaliana , and poplar, but comprehensive analysis on the HD-Zip family of Salix suchowensis have not been reported. Results A total of 55 HD-Zip genes were identified in the willow genome, unevenly distributed on 18 chromosomes except for chromosome 19. And segmental duplication events containing SsHD-Zip were detected on all chromosomes except chromosomes 13 and 19. The SsHD-Zip were classified into 4 subfamilies subfamilies (I-IV) according to the evolutionary analysis, and members of each subfamily shared similar domain structure and gene structure. The combination of GO annotation and promoter analysis showed that SsHD-Zip genes responded to multiple abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the results of qPCR analysis showed that the SsHD-Zip I gene exhibited different degrees of expression under salt stress, PEG treatment and heat treatment. Moreover, there was a synergistic effect between SsHD-Zip I genes under stress conditions based on coregulatory networks analysis. Conclusions In this study, HD-Zip transcription factors were systematically identified and analyzed at the whole genome level. These results preliminarily clarified the structural characteristics and related functions of willow HD-Zip family members, and it was found that SsHox34 , SsHox36 and SsHox51 genes were significantly involved in the response to various stresses. Together, these findings laid the foundation for further research on the resistance functions of willow HD-Zip genes.

Introducing Pseudomonas putida optimizes the microbial community within the casing layer, thereby enhancing Agaricus bisporus growth. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms governing microbial community succession within the casing layer following microbial agent introduction remained elusive. This study delineated the interplay among microbial populations in the casing layer across the growth cycle of A. bisporus, comparing cohorts treated with P. putida (AP) against untreated controls (CK). The inoculation with Pseudomonas promoted the growth of A. bisporus, shortened its growth cycle, and linearly enhanced the relative abundance of key bacterial genera integral to its growth, including Flavobacterium, Rhodoferax, Pseudarthrobacter, and Vogesella (adjusted R-2 = 0.238-0.866). Importantly, a positive correlation was identified between the proliferation of these beneficial bacteria and positive community cohesion (adjusted R-2 = 0.353-0.838). Additionally, analysis of the symbiotic network topology within the AP group indicated a more stable community following inoculation. The niche results (AP = 11.7672 +/- 1.8938, CK = 11.0481 +/- 3.1273, P < 0.05) underscored the positive impact of Pseudomonas inoculation on ecosystem dynamics. Concentrations of essential nutrients for A. bisporus growth, notably readily available phosphorus (On day 17, the AP group was 78.8333 +/- 1.26623 mg/kg, while the CK group was 30.0333 +/- 0.98658 mg/kg) and readily available potassium (On day 17, the AP group was 2693.9 +/- 14.79561 mg/kg, while the CK group was 1646.9333 +/- 10.71276 mg/kg), were significantly elevated in the AP group. These enhancements strongly correlated with the increased abundance of pivotal microbial populations. Our research provided insights into the application of microbial inoculants to enhance the production of edible fungi.

Efficient and fast methods for disposing rapeseed straw are badly needed in the rice-rapeseed rotation system, where rice is planted immediately after the rapeseed harvest. In this research, the effects of rapeseed straw returning (6 g kg–1) on rice cultivation soil organic carbon accumulation, CH4 and CO2 emissions, and total organic carbon (TOC) contents of the aqueous layer in the flooded condition within the 60 days of incubation experiment were studied. The experimental results showed that the straw addition increased the peak of CH4 and CO2 emission flux by 32.9

为了研究低盐酱牛肉的制作工艺,以鲜牛肉为原料,制作过程中添加白酒,通过单因素试验和响应面试验确定酱牛肉制作的最佳工艺,并对其质构特性、色泽、剪切力等品质进行分析.结果表明,最佳工艺为食盐添加量2.20%,白酒添加量为4.20%,腌制时间为 20 h,煮制时间 52 min时,此时的感官评价最高为(92.62±0.41)分.与普通酱牛肉相比,此工艺制作的酱牛肉的食盐含量仅为普通酱牛肉的 33%左右,在色泽、剪切力和质构特性方面也优于普通酱牛肉.

沿淮柳编作为非物质文化遗产,对淮河流域文化传承和经济发展发挥着重要作用.本文介绍了我国柳编的分布及发展概况,分析了沿淮柳编产业的发展现状及存在的问题,并对柳编产业发展进行了展望,为沿淮柳编产业发展提供参考.

采用超声辅助酶法改性玉米粉,通过单因素和响应面试验研究超声时间、转谷氦酰胺酶(Transglutaminase,TGase)添加量和反应时间等因素对玉米粉质构特性的影响,利用综合加权评分确定最佳工艺条件.采用扫描电子显微镜对不同改性方法得到的玉米粉颗粒形貌进行观察.结果表明:在超声时间30 min、TGase添加量0.6％和酶反应时间75 min的条件下,玉米面团的黏弹性、回复性等质构特性得到一定程度的提升,综合加权评分最高,黏性和回复性分别增加了63.8％和74.0％,弹性增加了 1.73倍.扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示:经超声辅助酶解处理后的玉米粉颗粒表面出现孔洞和裂解现象,有利于TGase与玉米粉中的蛋白质充分交联.综合上述结果,超声辅助酶法改性能提高玉米面团的质构特性,改善面团的品质.

以4种不同来源的薏苡仁为材料,研究贮藏形态、温度、水分含量和包装材料对其贮藏品质变化的影响.结果表明,在贮藏过程中未脱壳的薏苡仁水分含量保持稳定,丙二醛和脂肪酸值的增量均小于脱壳组和粉碎组.与25℃和37℃相比较,4℃贮藏能降低脂肪酸和丙二醛50％的增量.另外,PA复合膜材料对薏苡仁贮藏效果比PET和铝膜包装材料好.该研究为薏苡仁的贮藏研究提供理论数据及实践依据.

Background Agaricus bisporus ( A. bisporus ) is highly valued for its nutritional benefits and delicious taste, making it one of the most widely cultivated, highest yielding, and most consumed edible mushrooms worldwide. The yield and quality of A. bisporus were affected by its culture medium and environment. Among the culture base, the precise impact of calcium on A. bisporus cultivation and the dynamic changes in calcium concentration and chemical environment during the cultivation process remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the changes in calcium content and forms during the growth of A. bisporus and their implications for mushroom growth and nutrition. Results Through the analysis of samples collected during the composting phase, mycelial development phase, and A. bisporus harvesting phase, the role of calcium in the growth process of button mushrooms is revealed. During the composting phase, the calcium content remains relatively stable, suggesting a consistent calcium source in the compost. The fermentation process shows a significant decrease in carbon content and an increase in oxygen content, indicating the degradation and oxidation of organic matter. In the mycelial development phase, both the cover soil and compost experience a decrease in calcium content, with a more pronounced reduction observed in the covering soil, indicating its primary role as an energy source for enzymatic activity and metabolic processes of the mycelium. During the A. bisporus harvesting phase, the changes in calcium, carbon, and oxygen content become less prominent, indicating a stable state of fruiting bodies growth that no longer requires a significant supply of organic matter. Conclusions Analysis of calcium forms reveals the presence of different calcium compounds, likely influenced by soil calcium sources, microbial activities, and mushroom metabolic byproducts. Calcium plays a crucial regulatory role in the growth and quality of A. bisporus . This study provides valuable insights into the significance of calcium in A. bisporus growth and offers theoretical guidance for optimizing mushroom production and quality improvement. Graphical Abstract

Aerobic composting can recycle nutrients from animal manure. Adding microorganism inoculants is an effective way to accelerate composting process. The study aimed to evaluate effects of inoculating with microbial agents on nitrogen conversion and bacterial community succession in pig manure composting. 3 composting treatments were conducted including no microbial inoculant (CK), inoculating thermophilic degrading bacteria (T1), and compound commercial microbial agents (T2). The results showed that T1 advanced the time for entering the thermophilic stage (>50 degree celsius), and accelerated organic matter degradation. T1 produced more NH3 than other treatments. TN in group T1 and T2 was significantly greater than CK in composting maturity stage (after 14-15 d, T <= 40 degree celsius). (Final C/N)/(Initial C/N) of group T1 and T2 was 0.66, 0.65, and GI was 90.7 and 87.6, respectively. T1 improved the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria at the phylum level and increased Bacillus genera at genus level during the composting process. In conclusion, we demonstrated that pig manure composting added to thermophilic degrading bacteria effectively improved the quality of compost.

以藜麦秸秆为原料,利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel elec-trophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、红外光谱和差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)对从藜麦秸秆中提取到的蛋白质结构特性进行表征,并研究温度和pH值对藜麦秸秆蛋白功能性质的影响.结果表明,藜麦秸秆蛋白以中低分子量的蛋白质为主,分子质量主要分布为29.0 ku～44.3 ku和小于14.3 ku;热学特性研究结果显示:藜麦秸秆蛋白热稳定性较好,其变性温度为132.72℃,变性焓变为7.82 J/g;游离巯基和二硫键含量分别为10.21μmol/g和23.57μmol/g,藜麦秸秆蛋白二级结构中β-转角相对含量最高,为36.42％,α-螺旋含量为25.19％,β-折叠含量为25.91％,无规则卷曲含量为12.48％.温度为60℃时,藜麦秸秆蛋白的溶解性、吸水性和起泡性最佳,分别为53.61％、3.11 g/g和40.24％;pH值为9时,溶解性、吸水性和起泡性最好,分别为46.37％、3.34 g/g和40.86％.

The bond strength and stability of the intermolecular network structure of cellulose play a decisive role in the tensile strength and rupture resistance of paper. In this work, the surface morphology, the chemical composition, and the crystal structure of nanocellulose prepared from cotton fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to prepare cotton fiber nanocellulose by green solvent deep-eutectic solvent pretreatment combined with the ultrasonic method. Nanocellulose of different morphology and structure was used as a papermaking additive to explore its effect on the strength performance of the paper. The results show that the burst resistance index of the paper handsheets could be increased by 6.1% and 9.8%. The burst resistance index improved as the added amount of the NFC was increased.

从双孢菇的主要营养成分含量方面介绍了双胞菇的营养价值,并着重从双孢菇在降血脂、抗肿瘤、调节肠道菌群、调节机体免疫、降血糖等方面的作用介绍了其药用价值.双孢菇营养丰富,含有人体所需的所有必需氨基酸,是优质蛋白、维生素、矿物质(铁、钙、锌、硒等)和膳食纤维(几丁质)等成分的重要来源,同时其卡路里、Na+等含量低,不含胆固醇.双孢菇含有的一些蘑菇多糖、酚类化合物、多不饱和脂肪酸、麦角硫因等代谢物以及一些多肽和糖蛋白等生物大分子成分已经被大量的科学研究证实在抗氧化、抗菌、抗肿瘤方面以及在糖尿病和心脑血管等疾病的治疗领域具有较为显著的药物活性.长期食用双孢菇具有保护肝脏、增强人体免疫力以及保护心血管等诸多健康促进作用.

双孢蘑菇是世界上栽培最为广泛的蘑菇品种,生产一种适合栽培双孢蘑菇的基质称为堆肥.综述了双孢蘑菇生产过程中关键的3个发酵阶段、堆肥过程中的微生物及酶活性变化,以及影响双孢蘑菇生长的几个主要因素(堆肥基质、环境、菌种),旨在为双孢蘑菇的标准化种植提供参考.

为揭示各项理化特性对窖泥细菌群落结构的影响,分析不同年份窖泥的理化因子差异及与其原核微生物群落的相关性.结果表明:20?a窖池池壁和池底窖泥中的水分、pH值、铵态氮及有效磷和速效钾的含量均显著高于2?a窖泥,但其钙含量却显著低于2?a窖泥.30?a池壁和池底窖泥与2?a相比,除水分含量和腐殖质外,其他指标均存在显著差异.理化因子与菌群的相关性分析发现,水分含量、pH值和铵态氮对菌群的影响最为显著,与Lactobacillus呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与Aminobacterium、Syntrophomonas和Sedimentibacter等6个菌属呈显著正相关(P<0.05).新窖泥中不同的微生物菌群在长期往复的发酵过程中相互作用,优势菌属逐步占据主导低位并达到动态平衡,形成优质窖泥.本实验系统研究窖泥原核微生物群落多样性在窖泥老熟及退化过程中的变化趋势,借助微生物和理化因子之间的相关性分析,为窖池的养护机制及优质窖泥的制作提供一定理论依据.

非油炸方便面是通过热风、真空和微波等方法干燥,避免了油炸过程中带来的高热量、高油脂、营养物质被破坏等劣势,渐渐受到消费者的青睐.但是非油炸方便面的复水性差、复水时间长等缺点阻碍了其发展.该文重点综述添加剂和加工工艺对非油炸方便面复水性的影响,并对产业未来发展前景进行展望,旨在为生产复水性好和高品质的非油炸方便面提供理论参考.

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious soilborne disease that results in severe losses to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) production in China. In this study, a novel RPA-LFD assay for the rapid visual detection of R. solanacearum was established using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and lateral-flow dipstick (LFD). The RPA-LFD assay was performed at 37°C in 30 min without complex equipment. Targeting the sequence of the RipTALI-9 gene, we designed RPA primers (Rs-rpa-F/R) and an LF probe (Rs-LF-probe) that showed high specificity to R. solanacearum. The sensitivity of RPA-LFD assay to R. solanacearum was the same as that in conventional PCR at 1 pg genomic DNA, 103 CFU/g artificially inoculated tobacco stems, and 104 CFU/g artificially inoculated soil. The RPA-LFD assay could also detect R. solanacearum from plant and soil samples collected from naturally infested tobacco fields. These results suggest that the RPA-LFD assay developed in this study is a rapid, accurate molecular diagnostic tool with high sensitivity for the detection of R. solanacearum.