Objective: To determine the duration of SARS-CoV-2 persistence in quarantine hotel environments. Methods: 39 Patients confirmed by RT-PCR were included. We collected clinical features, laboratory test results, smear sample information, and quarantine room information. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted. We analyzed the factors associated with environmental contamination. Result: Among 39 COVID-19 cases, 10 were asymptomatic and 37 were imported from aboard. We collected 271 swab samples from environmental surfaces related to observational patients. Eighteen swab samples from seven patients were positive. The highest contamination rates occurred on cups (100%), followed by hand sink (12.82%), toilet seat and flush (7.89%), telephone (5.56%), bedside table (5.56%), and floor drain (5.41%). The results showed that environmental surface contamination was associated with the clinical cycle threshold values for patients (P = 0.01) and the sampling interval time after the cases left their rooms (P = 0.03). The duration of environmental surface contamination was associated with the wet status of the sampling site (P = 0.01). Conclusion: Our findings showed that environmental contamination might be attributed to the viral load in the respiratory tracts of patients and the sampling interval time after the cases left their rooms. Moist surfaces were more vulnerable to remaining SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positive. Our study highlights the importance of implementing strict chemical disinfection strategies in quarantine rooms.
目的 了解居民新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)消毒知识和消毒行为基本情况及其影响因素,为普及科学消毒知识,制定有效消毒措施,指导社区居民做好日常消毒工作提供科学依据.方法 2020年3月4-5日,采用自行设计问卷,通过网络调查方法调查居民的人口学特征、消毒知识和消毒行为情况.比较消毒知识得分情况,采用多因素logistic回归分析居民消毒知识得分和使用消毒产品的影响因素.结果 共收集问卷1 735份,有效问卷1 713份,问卷有效率为98.73%.居民消毒知识平均得分为(16.21±3.03).文化程度越高消毒知识得分越高(F=81.112,P<0.001),家庭主妇消毒知识平均得分低于其它职业(F=13.562,P<0.001),月收入越高消毒知识平均得分越高(F=28.090,P<0.001);使用消毒产品的居民消毒知识平均得分高于不使用(F=4.207,P=0.040).多因素分析结果显示女性消毒知识得分低于男性0.777 (0.620 ~ 0.975);高中/中专/大专和本科及以上的消毒知识得分高于初中及以下,OR值和95%CI分别为2.679(1.849 ~ 3.884)和5.387(3.688 ~ 7.867);45 ~ 59岁和≥60岁的消毒知识得分高于≤29岁,OR值和95%CI分别为1.615(1.194~2.184)和1.644(1.078~2.508).对于消毒产品的使用方面,多因素分析结果显示女性、30 ~ 44岁、企业人员和其它人员更多使用消毒产品,OR值和95%CI分别为1.469(1.045 ~2.066)、1.635(1.101 ~ 2.427)、2.356(1.418 ~3.912)和2.102(1.279 ~ 3.454).另外,有93.87%的居民对消毒剂的选择、使用和安全性等知识有需求.结论 居民消毒知识水平整体较高,但依旧存在部分误区,应根据不同人群特征进行消毒知识、消毒产品使用和消毒需求方面有针对性的健康教育.
<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">目的了解居民新冠病毒疫情期间过度消毒的需求及影响因素。方法采用便利抽样法,通过网络问卷于2020年3月对1 731名居民进行调查,采用分类和回归树模型对过度消毒需求影响因素进行分析。结果共回收有效问卷1 731份,总体过度消毒需求率为57.65%,年龄≤20岁、初中及以下文化程度、月收入<2 000元、消毒知识得分≤2分者过度消毒需求率分别为76.92%、77.78%、70.37%和76.47%,婚姻情况为已婚、传播途径认知正确和口罩正确重复使用者的过度消毒需求率分别为55.00%、50.68%和53.95%。不同年龄、文化程度、月收入、消毒知识得分、婚姻情况、传播途径认知及口罩是否正确重复使用者过度消毒需求率差异均有统计学意义(均P <0.05),分类树回归共产生5个决策节点和6个终节点,其中易感人群认知=正确、学历=本科及以上、口罩重复使用=正确、消毒知识得分<5分、未婚的RR值最高,为1.399(95%CI=1.083~1.807)。结论居民存在过度消毒的需求,文化程度低者、未婚人群过度消毒需求较高。</span>
Objective To understand the pollution situation in the source water of Guangzhou municipal water plant.Methods The levels of ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N),nitrates(NO3-N) and permanganate index(CODMn) in the source water of Guangzhou municipal water works (Zhujiang River,Beijiang River,Dongjiang River and Xijiang River) were determined during 2007-2015.Results Compared with Zhujiang River,the qualified rate of CODMn and NH3-N in other three rivers were apparently higher (P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference in NO3-N,which was all qualified.The qualified rate of NH3-N in Zhujiang River showed a significant decreased trend with the increase of year (P=0.050).However,the qualified rate of NH3-N in Dongjiang River showed a significant increased trend with the increase of year (P<0.05).A positive correlation was found between CODMn and NH3-N in Zhujiang River,Dongjiang River and Xijiang River (P<0.05).CODMn had obviously negative correlation with NO3-N in Dongjiang River and Xijiang River(P<0.05).No associations between NH3-N and NO3-N in Zhujiang River,Beijiang River,Dongjiang River and Xijiang River were found (P>0.05).Conclusion After replacement of source water (Zhujiang River) by Xijiang River,the qualified rates of CODMn and NH3-N are both obviously increased.Zhujiang River presents more serious organic pollution,the protection of water sources should be strengthened.
Objective To understand the sanitary condition of the water quality of dual water supply from 2008 to 2015 in Guangzhou,and provide the scientific dependence for inspection.Methods A number of indexes of water quality of raw water,treating water,tap water were surveyed and analyzed from 2008 to 2015 in Guangzhou.Results 1 959 water samples were collected from 2008 to 2015,17.15% are exceed the standard phenomenon,water consumption rate exceed the standard oxygen,turbidity,iron and manganese,the total number of bacteria(7.66%,6.89%,4.29%,1.84% and 17.15%) was higher than that after treatment (5.67%,0.77%,0.46%,0.00% and 5.67%),the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05);2011-2015 water bacteria exceed the standard rate(19.40%,13.58%,1.27%,6.85% and 2.50%) and 2010(40.66%) decreased,and the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.05).2008-2015,lead exceeded the standard water exceeded the source water and treatment water(P < 0.05),and exceeded the sample mainly from Tianhe District,accounting for 62.86% of the total number of excess.Conclusion After the municipal water treatment,the physical and chemical indicators of the general rate of increase.However,the standard exceeding ratios of lead in the peripheral water of pipeline network is higher than that of source water and treated water.
目的 对2013年-2015年广州市市政水厂和自建水厂水源水中的耐热大肠菌群指标进行分析,了解广州市水源水的微生物污染状况.方法 使用Excel软件对2013年-2015年广州市市政水厂和自建水厂水源水中的耐热大肠菌群数据进行整理,使用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行分析.结果 2013年—2015年XJ、BJ、DJ和LXH四个水域的耐热大肠菌群平均检出值分别为1.2×104、1.7×104、3.55×104和1.4×105个/L,均超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)的Ⅲ类1.0×104个/L水质标准的要求,合格率分别为37.5%、16.7%、25%和0.LXH耐热大肠菌群值高于XJ和BJ,合格率明低于XJ.XJ第三季度耐热大肠菌群值高于其余季度,合格率低于第一季度和第四季度.结论 LXH与其余江水相比较,受粪便污染的程度相对较重.XJ第三季度的耐热大肠菌群检出最高,应重点加强水源防护,并依需调整水消毒工艺.
目的 对2007年-2015年广州市市政水厂和自建水厂水源水中10种金属[铁、锰、铅、汞、钡、镉、铜、锌、铬(Ⅵ)和铍]的检测结果进行分析,研究各水源水中金属的合格情况和变化规律.方法 使用Excel软件对检测数据进行整理,使用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行分析.结果 铅和汞的合格率在不同水域之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).铅的合格率在丰水期(95.0%)比枯水期低(100.0%),差异有统计学意义(x2=7.129,P<0.01).结论 广州市水源水主要受铁、锰、铅和汞污染,应重点加强水源防护,防止工业污水污染水源导致的金属项目超标,铅合格率在丰水期时更低,应根据季节特征,不断加强和调整水处理工艺.
目的 了解《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)于2007年实施以来广州市市政饮用水水质全分析卫生状况.方法 依照国家标准进行抽样和检测,整理分析2008年-2014年广州市市政饮用水全分析监测结果.结果 市政饮用水全分析合格率仅为64.8%,出厂水主要不合格项目为氨氮,管网水主要不合格项目为氨氮、菌落总数和耗氧量,二次供水主要不合格项目为游离余氯,水质非常规指标不合格项次数高于常规项目.2011年-2014年市政出厂水和管网水全分析合格率(94.9%)高于2008年-2010年(22.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).采用水源W和常规净水工艺的市政水厂出厂水全分析合格率在2011年前后差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 广州市2011年前市政饮用水全分析合格率较低,2011年-2014年市政饮用水合格率较高,水源水的水质是出厂水水质的重要影响因素.
目的 调查某地区胃肠炎暴发的情况及原因.方法 对事发地区开展饮水卫生流行病学调查,采取现场调查、现场监测和抽样检验的方法排查和寻找污染物的来源.结果 2家自来水厂的水源水检出GⅡ型诺如病毒核酸阳性,2宗管网末梢水阳性.Ⅰ号水厂出厂水及管网末梢水游离余氯偏低.结论 某地区胃肠炎暴发事件为GⅡ型诺如病毒污染生活饮用水引起.
目的 对流溪河流域的两个集中式供水水厂取水点周边底泥中重金属含量进行检测,了解流溪河及某支流的重金属污染状况.方法 于2014年11月分别在两个水厂取水点上游2 km、1 km、取水点和下游500 m处设置横断面,检测底泥中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn和Ni的含量.将检测结果与《土壤环境质量标准》的一级标准值进行比较.结果 共采集18宗底泥样品,仅1宗样品合格,样品合格率为5.56%;除Ni外,其余项目均有超标;流溪河底泥中Cd、Hg、As和Pb的平均含量分别为标准值的1.55、1.13、1.11和1.26倍;支流底泥中Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr和Zn的平均含量分别为标准值的8.95、2.67、1.90、1.12和1.88倍.结论 流溪河及其某支流底泥中均存在不同程度的重金属污染,支流可能为流溪河重金属污染的一个重要来源.
目的调查广州市街头自动售水机的水质状况,便于加强对自动售水机的监管。方法选取全部广州市疾病预防控制中心2011年和2012年抽样检测的街头自动售水机水质监测报告,进行整理分析。结果2011年和2012年街头自动售水机水质总体合格率较低,分别为71.4%和78%。不合格指标主要为细菌总数。结论街头自动售水机水质堪忧,需加强监管和研究,寻找原因和对策。
目的 对流溪河和某支流的2个水源地底泥中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni共8种元素的污染状况进行调查.方法 检测2个水源地底泥中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn和Ni的含量,用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法进行生态风险评价.结果 流溪河和该支流底泥中分别存在强和很强程度的Cd污染,Hg、As和Zn为中度或强污染.Cd的单因子生态风险指数最高,生态风险为强以上,Hg其次.As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn和Ni的生态风险均为轻度.支流底泥中重金属和砷污染的综合生态风险高于流溪河.流溪河底泥中重金属和砷的单因子生态风险指数低于广东省内其他4条河段,Cd的风险指数在各河段中均为最高值.结论 流溪河及其某支流底泥中均存在不同程度的重金属和砷污染生态风险,且支流较高.Cd和Hg是最主要的污染因子.
Objective To evaluate the water quality of Xijiang River Water Diversion Project in Guangzhou between 2007 and 2012. Methods Twenty-eight items for source water and thirty-five items for piped water were collected from intake point of Xijiang River Water Diversion Project, Yagang pump station, Shimen, Xicun and Jiangcun water plants from 2007 to 2012, and the water samples were tested in laboratory. Results After diversion, the qualified rate of source water and piped water was 96.64% and 99.92% respectively, which was significantly higher than before(82.02% for source water, 98.84% for piped water). The unqualified items of source water included ammonia, thermotolerant coliform bacteria and ferrum, and the unqualified rate was 3.36%. As for piped water, the unqualified items included total numbers of colony and mercury, and the unqualified rate was 0.078%. No significant difference was seen in qualified rate among water intake point, pump station and water plants(96.45%, 96.10% and 96.64% respectively). Conclusion The Xijiang River Water Diversion Project obviously improved the quality of source water and piped water. Meanwhile, more attention should be paid to the possible harmful effects of upstream pollution and long-distance water transmission pipeline.
Objective To know the harmless treatment effects of feces and influencing factors of improved latrines in rural areas in Guangzhou. Methods From June to July in 2013,155 households were selected by stratified random sampling and surveyed in seven rural areas in which the latrines had been rebuilt. The liquid manure was collected from the septic tanks. The fecal coliform, parasitic ovum sedimentation rate, schistosome eggs and hookworm eggs were determined. Meanwhile, the basic situation of households, the construction of latrines,the hygiene management and using of latrines and the construction quality of latrines were investigated by the unified questionnaires. Results The qualified rate of harmless effects of improved latrines was83.2%,the main unqualified items was fecal coliform values(85.16%). The logistic regression analysis showed that keeping the toilet clean,clearing feces regularly,taking the liquid manure from the third chamber of the three-chamber toilet,the government investment and separating from domestic sewage could improve the qualified rate of hazard-free effects(P0.05).Conclusion Daily sanitation and hygiene management of toilet and increasing government investment should be strengthened,so as to enhance the harmless effects of improved latrines in rural areas.
目的 了解广州市不同原水、不同季度及处理工艺的市政饮用水水质卫生状况.方法 于2008-2013年对该市7座市政水厂的水源水(n=168)、出厂水(n=168)以及管网末梢水(n=345)进行检测.结果 水源水、出厂水和管网末梢水分的合格率分别为5.95%、75.00%和65.80%.水源水的不合格项目有耐热大肠菌群、铁、氨氮和锰等;出厂水的不合格项目有氨氮等;管网末梢水不合格项目有菌落总数、耗氧量和锰等.部分水厂将水源由珠江转换为西江,西江水水质相对较好,以西江水为水源的出厂水和末梢水水质优于珠江.结论 更换水源后出厂水和末梢水水质明显提高,但管网末梢水合格率仍低于出厂水.
目的:对广州某大学发生的胃肠炎暴发事件进行现场卫生学调查,寻找疾病暴发来源并制定相关疾病防控措施。方法开展现场流行病学调查,采集病例、环境和水样本进行实验室检验。结果患者和厨工肛拭子诺如病毒核酸检测阳性率分别为18.18%、15.83%。桶装水合格率100%;饮水机水、末梢水细菌总数合格率分别为33.33%、50.00%;二次供水水池水细菌总数超标并检出耐热大肠菌群。水样诺如病毒核酸检测阴性。结论此次疫情应为厨工GⅡ型诺如病毒感染导致的食源性传播。该校存在饮水卫生安全隐患。
目的了解广州市农村地区饮水卫生状况,发现存在问题和提出相应改善措施。方法按照单纯随机抽样原则分别在番禺区、花都区、萝岗区、南沙区、白云区、增城市、从化市选择农村集中式供水监测点和分散式供水监测点,每个集中式供水监测点分别采集出厂水和管网末梢水,每个分散式供水监测点采集管网末梢水,监测项目为常规24项,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750—2006)对采集的水样进行检验,按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)对结果进行卫生学评价。结果 2010—2012年共检测水样978份,总合格率为51.43%(503/978),3年间合格率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。番禺区、萝岗区、南沙区、白云区、增城市、从化市、花都区3年水质总合格率分别为97.50%(156/160)、56.66%(17/30)、50.00%(6/12)、45.83%(33/72)、42.50%(102/240)、41.10%(97/236)、40.35%(92/228),不同地区合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。枯、丰水期的水质合格率分别为50.31%(246/489)和52.56%(257/489),两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。集中式供水的水质合格率为66.05%(428/684),分散式供水的水质合格率为25.51%(75/294),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。不合格的检测项目主要有总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、菌落总数、浑浊度、氨氮、锰、铁、pH,合格率分别为80.27%、80.98%、82.31%、85.28%、90.18%、93.25%、93.66%、93.87%,其中集中式供水水质的总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、菌落总数的合格率分别为93.12%、93.71%、93.27%,而分散式供水分别为50.34%、51.36%、56.80%,明显低于集中式供水的(均P<0.01)。结论广州市农村地区饮水水质总合格率偏低,分散式供水水质受微生物污染较为严重,集中式供水水质合格率明显高于分散式供水水质合格率。应进一步全面加强农村饮水安全管理和水质消毒净化处理。
目的 探讨广州市城市生活饮用水水质卫生状况,为改善生活饮用水水质,保障城市居民用水安全提供科学依据.方法 对2012年广州市所辖的10个区、2个县级市的集中式供水单位出厂水、管网末梢水、二次供水监测结果进行统计分析.结果 出厂水、管网末梢水、二次供水的合格率分别为100%、92.58%和88.98%,主要不合格指标为游离余氯和浑浊度.全年中第二季度的管网末梢水合格率、样品总合格率较低(83.33%、84.21%).以西江水为水源的I、II、IV水厂的管网末梢水合格率、样品总合格率最高(100%、100%);以东江水为水源的V、VI水厂的合格率最低(81.25%、83.33%).结论 2012年广州市城市生活饮用水卫生质量总体较好.第二季度合格率及V、VI水厂的合格率较低可能与广州市的雨季变迁规律和东江水系的水质状况有关.
目的 了解2008-2010年广州市分质供水(纯净水和净水)水质的卫生状况,为监督管理提供科学依据.方法 对2008-2010年广州市分质供水(纯净水和净水)的水源水、处理水和末梢水进行采样、监测和分析.结果 纯净水和净水的水源水合格率分别为64.74%、42.85%;处理水合格率分别为90.75%、96.10%;末梢水的合格率分别为75.72%、92.20%.纯净水(净水)的处理水和末梢水微生物指标合格率均大于90%,理化指标合格率均大于93%.纯净水中末梢水铅的合格率明显低于水源水和处理水以及净水末梢水的铅合格率.结论 分质供水经制水工艺处理后,水质基本符合相关标准,卫生监督部门应加大监督力度,定期指导和监督分质供水水站对蓄水设施和输配水管道进行清洗和消毒,防止水质受到污染.
目的 了解广州市近10年来二次供水水质的卫生现状.为监督管理提供科学依据.方法 对广州市近10年来的二次供水监测数据进行整理分析,按GB5749-1985(生活饮用水卫生标准>、<生活饮用水卫生规范>2001和GB5749--2006<生活饮用水卫生标准>进行分析评价.结果 广州市1999--2008年二次供水共监测游离余氯、菌落总数、浑浊度、总大肠菌群、砷和铅的次数分别为4 123、4 307、4 342、4 307、3 501和3 497次,合格率分别为68.54%、91.75%、95.03%、99.54%、99.14%和99.23%.除了游离余氟,其余项目各年度的合格率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).浑浊度第一季度合格率最低,菌落总数第一季度合格率最高,游离余氯、总大肠茵群和铅4个季度之间的合格率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 广州市二次供水水质不合格的主要原因是游离余氯含量低、茵落总数超标等.今后应进一步加强二次供水的卫生管理和水质卫生监督监测.提高二次供水的卫生质量.