生态保护红线是国家和区域必须要严格保护的生态空间,是国家生态安全的底线和生命线.为切实守护好生态保护红线,维护国家生态安全,有效规范生态保护红线监督工作,近日生态环境部制定印发《生态保护红线生态环境监督办法(试行)》.本文从生态保护红线生态环境监督的政策背景、战略意义、基本原则、核心任务等方面进行解读,为全国各地区推动构建生态保护红线生态环境监督体系提供参考.

生态保护红线是保障和维护国家生态安全的底线和生命线.自生态保护红线划定工作启动以来,如何建立完善相关制度机制、切实守好守牢这一底线和生命线,成为各地区生态保护红线监管的迫切需要.本文对当前生态保护红线监督工作的实践基础、存在的问题进行了系统梳理总结,并从加强部门沟通协作、完善法律法规与政策标准、提升监测评估与监督执法能力等方面,提出建立健全国家生态保护红线监督制度机制的对策建议.

The socioeconomic development of Qinghai Province is lagging behind other regions, and the ecological environment is sensitive and fragile. Hence, a reasonable relationship between socioeconomic development and the ecological environment is important to ensure the future sustainable development of Qinghai Province. The min-max method,hierarchical analysis, and a coordination degree model were used to construct an index system of socioeconomic development and environmental resource capacity in Qinghai Province, to assess the degree of coordination between these two factors and to identify the factors influencing their degree of coordination. The results showed that both the socioeconomic development level and the environmental resource capacity level of Qinghai Province showed an upward trend from 2010 to 2017, due to changes in the total energy consumption, disposable income of farmers, population growth rate, and centralized sewage treatment rate. The total amount of water resources and per-capita water resources were important factors influencing the resource and environmental index. At the same time, the harmony between socioeconomic development and environmental resource capacity generally increased during this period, with socioeconomic development continuing at a rapid pace. In contrast, the environmental resource capacity fluctuated considerably on a yearly basis, and gradually lagged behind socioeconomic development. The total amount of water resources was the main factor affecting the coordination between socioeconomic development and environmental resource capacity in Qinghai Province. Qinghai Province is currently on the verge of an imbalance between socioeconomic development and environmental resource capacity. In the future, it is will be necessary to increase investments in environmental resources and environmental protection to improve the coordination between development and the environment, to achieve harmonious, high-quality socioeconomic and environment resource development in Qinghai Province.

The Tibet Autonomous Region of China constitutes a unique and fragile ecosystem that is increasingly influenced by development and global climate change. To protect biodiversity and ecosystem services in Tibet, the Chinese government established a system of nature reserves at a significant cost; however, the effectiveness of nature reserves at protecting both-biodiversity and ecosystem service functions in Tibet is not clear. To determine the success of existing nature reserves, we determined importance areas for the conservation of mammal, plant, bird, amphibian, and reptile species, and for the protection of ecosystem service functions. The results indicated that important conservation areas for endangered plants were mainly distributed in the southern part of Nyingchi City, and for endangered animals, in the southern part of Nyingchi and Shannan Cities. Extremely important conservation areas for ecosystem service functions of carbon sequestration, water and soil protection, and flood regulation were mainly distributed in the southern part of Nyingchi and Shannan Cities, northern and southeastern parts of Nagqu City, and southern part of Ngari area. Based on an analysis of spatial overlap in protection areas, we conclude that existing natural reserves need to be expanded, and new ones need to be established to better protect biodiversity in Tibet Autonomous Region.

有效识别生态空间与构建生态安全格局是实现城市或区域可持续发展与生态保护的重要途径.以雄安新区周边区域一北京新机场临空经济区为研究对象,识别重要性生态空间,获取关键性生态空间,衔接生态保护红线划定工作,综合叠加需严格保护的各类保护地,确定生态空间.结果显示,北京新机场临空经济区生态空间面积约278.7 km2,占区域面积约7.7％.借鉴生态安全格局规划理论,结合环首都国家公园体系和区域生态廊道建设要求,识别各类保护地和集聚分布的生态斑块为生态"源"区、重要道路及河流水系等为生态"廊道",提出"一轴、四廊、多源"的区域生态安全格局构建方案.

The Yellow River Basin is an important ecological barrier for China; the ecology there is sensitive and fragile and ecological problems are severe in some regions. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic planning of ecological management and address prominent problems for the basin. To further promote the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, this article analyzes the major challenges regarding ecological protection in the region and summarizes the major problems there from the aspects of investment in ecological management, construction of ecological monitoring networks, and modernization of ecological management capacities. Based on this, we propose a strategic system framework for integrated ecological governance in the Yellow River Basin led by major projects. The integrated ecological governance should consider the spatial differentiation of upper, middle, and lower reaches and adhere to the principle of systematic design. Moreover, measures need to adapt to local conditions, and land and water should be linked for joint prevention and control. Additionally, major projects are required to lead the integrated governance, including mountain–river–forest–farmland–lake–grass–sand integrated protection, environmental pollution comprehensive control, and ecological management modernization projects. Considering the urgency and necessity of solving current ecological problems, we propose the following suggestions: (1) establishing an ecological management project library, (2) implementing major projects in stages and in batches, (3) conducting entire-process supervision and effectiveness evaluation of major projects, and (4) strengthening scientific and technological support for the major projects.

土地利用变化是人类与自然相互作用的重要表征.研究黄河流域土地利用变化特征及其驱动因素,可为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略的实施提供参考.根据黄河流域2000、2010和2020年3期土地利用数据,运用空间分析与数理统计方法定量分析了流域不同尺度下的土地利用变化特征,分析了影响土地利用类型变化的主要因素.结果表明,(1)黄河流域草地和农田占比多年平均值分别为47.9％±0.38％、26.5％±0.69％,草地广泛分布于中上游,农田集中分布于下游,表明黄河上中下游分别承担着保障国家生态安全和粮食安全的重任.(2)2010—2020年的土地利用变化强度远高于2000—2010年,土地利用发生转变的面积和综合土地利用动态度分别增加了约8倍和15倍.(3)2000—2020年黄河流域土地利用类型变化以城镇、草地和森林增加和农田减少为主,城镇扩张了1.08×104 km2,主要发生在黄河中下游的城市群,新增规模的58％是农田;草地和森林等生态用地增加了0.91×104 km2,主要发生在黄河源头区和上游地区的青海和甘肃,新增规模的75％是农田;农田缩减了1.30×104 km2,主要发生在黄河中、下游地区的平原地带,48％和37％的农田转换成城镇和草地.(4)气候变化、社会经济和政策实施是影响黄河流域土地利用变化的主要因素.在气候变暖变湿、生态保护修复政策和工程实施的双重驱动下,林草植被和水域湿地等面积有所增加,生态系统质量有所改善.同时,在人口规模和经济快速发展的背景下,城镇建设用地对农田的侵占非常严重,人地矛盾更加突出.

Changes in local land use affect regional ecological services, development planning, and optimal use of space. We analyzed the effects of changes in land use from 2000 to 2025 on the spatial distribution of ecosystem services using CLUS-S modeling to evaluate ecosystem functions in Zhangjiakou, China. We found that the urban ecosystem area in Zhangjiakou increased and farmland decreased between 2000-2025. Water conservation was relatively high and was concentrated in the nature reserves of southern Zhangjiakou. Soil conservation was mainly distributed in eastern and southern counties. The results of the CLUE-S model showed that the relative operating characteristics of the six land use types were > 0.70, and the logistic regression equation was able to successfully explain the distribution pattern of the different types of land use.

从生态环境保护的角度对国土空间实行分区管控,是优化国土空间开发格局、从源头预防环境污染和生态破坏的重要手段,是实现可持续发展的重要保障.生态产品价值实现已成为我国推动生态文明建设的重要手段.不同区域、不同类型的生态产品禀赋丰寡和价值实现难易程度不同.在当前国家建立国土空间规划体系的背景下,应发挥生态环境优化经济社会发展布局的引导作用,构建生态环境空间管控体系;同时,依据主体功能定位,分类引导、分区施策,推动各地生态产品价值的实现.

湖北省长江三峡地区是世界上最大的水电站——三峡大坝所在地,是长江中上游关键节点,是三峡库区水土保持重点生态功能区,生态功能地位极其重要.针对长江三峡地区长江干支流水体部分断面总磷超标、"化工围江"、生态系统功能退化、废弃矿山破坏生态环境、珍稀濒危物种生境遭到破坏、生态保护修复机制不健全等问题,围绕保障"一江清水向东流"的总目标,提出了山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程实施路径.以长江干支流为经脉,以山水林田湖草为有机整体,优化空间布局,将长江三峡地区划分为11个生态保护修复片区,统筹实施重要干支流水环境治理与修复、"化工围江"综合治理与长江岸线生态修复、废弃矿山生态修复、土地综合整治、重要生态系统修复与生物多样性保护、区域生态保护修复体制机制创新六大类任务措施,构建分区分类生态保护修复工程体系,创新跨区域、跨部门的生态修复长效机制,积极探索长江三峡地区生态修复模式,推动区域绿色高质量发展,以期为其他地区生态保护修复提供参考与借鉴.

Water shortage is one of the main hinder drivers of sustainable development in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, and ecological restoration is one of the main means to effectively curb ecological degradation. Addressing ecological degradation in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region has been a major concern of the Chinese government, and this has led to a focus on intensified ecological restoration efforts in this area. However, the effect of these restoration actions is not clear. To understand how ecological restoration is impacting ecological quality in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, we used geographical information system technology, such as the vegetation index-biomass method and cumulative net primary production (NPP) method, to assess the change in ecosystem quality. We carried out the pixel binary model and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analyses to understand the driving forces behind the change. Results showed that from 2000 to 2010, the quality of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei ecosystem has been improving, that natural vegetation is slowly re-establishing, and that there has been a slow increase toward climax communities. The change in ecosystem quality is positively correlated with the Sanbei shelterbelt and Beijing–Tianjin Sandstorm control project and negatively correlated with socioeconomic and agricultural factors.

The fragile ecological environment is one of the core reasons for the sustainable development of society in the Brahmaputra River of Tibet. Ecological restoration is one of the main means for human beings to effectively curb ecological degradation. To curb environmental degradation, the Tibet Government carries out ecological restoration, however, its efficacy is unknown. To increase the understanding of the impacts of ecological restoration on soil erosion and ecological service functions, we used the universal soil loss equation to determine the temporal and spatial variability in soil erosion for years 1985–2015. We also monitored changes in land-cover, and climatic variables to understand the driving forces of soil stability and movement. The results showed that the dominant land cover types in the study area were forest and grassland. Soil erosion generally decreased annually, while precipitation and temperature increased, and vegetation cover increased slowly. Soil erosion decreased mainly in the middle and southwestern parts of the basin. Temporal variability in soil erosion in the Brahmaputra River was mainly affected by precipitation, temperature, vegetation, and slope gradient. Soil erosion was positively correlated with precipitation and temperature, and areas with increasing temperature were mainly distributed in the degraded grassland areas in the north, where risk of soil erosion increased.

建设生态文明首先应考虑建设以资源环境承载力为基础、以可持续发展为目标的资源节约型、环境友好型社会,因此划分生态空间保留区就显得十分重要.在对克拉玛依区生态环境现状进行评估的基础上,利用GIS的空间分析功能,根据研究区的生态承载力特征,对多种生态环境问题的敏感性进行综合分析,重点分析沙漠化敏感性和生境敏感性,明确其分布特征.最后提出引导克拉玛依区社会经济与环境协调发展的生态空间保留区分区方案.克拉玛依区西北部低山戈壁区土壤多为砾质,为沙漠化敏感性中度区,大农业区和荒漠农业开发区多为沙质土壤,是沙漠化极敏感地区.极重要地区主要包括玛纳斯河流域、阿依库勒水库、克拉玛依河,这些区域是克拉玛依重要的水源地.

城市热岛效应(Urban Heat Island,UHI)是快速城市化进程中具有代表性的生态环境问题之一,对局地气候、能源消耗、城市居民健康等均有深远影响.城市热岛效应动态变化的有效监测及合理管控是改善人居环境与防范健康风险的重要条件.该研究定义了热岛强度指数(HII)和热岛监测指数(UHEI),以2期夏季Lnadsat-7 ETM+遥感影像为数据源反演地表温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST),结合GIS空间分析与统计技术监测了北京市六环区域2003年及2014年热岛效应的动态变化,识别了典型强热岛区.研究结果表明:1)2003年至2014年,六环区域内热岛效应呈现好转趋势,中心城区强热岛区大面积减缓,外围地区呈现明显恶化趋势;2)依据热岛效应影响因素,典型强热岛区可归类为裸露地表主导型、人为热源主导型及混合主导型;3)典型强热岛区管控可从城市规划、增加绿量以及改变建筑物色彩3方面开展.

京津冀地区自然资源匮乏、生态环境脆弱,该地区自然资源禀赋与区域经济社会发展存在严重冲突.京津冀人均水资源量约239 m 3,仅占全国平均水平的1/9,属于资源型严重缺水地区.近年来,京津冀降水量逐年减少,降水量持续下降进一步加剧了该地区的水资源短缺,未来将长期面临水生态危机.通过研究认为,人类高强度活动是区域水生态问题的主导因素,应着重从转变用水方式、提高全社会用水效率,提升水源涵养能力、提高区域生态承载力,加强水污染治理、开展海洋及海岸带保护修复等方面入手,做好京津冀区域水生态环境保护.

生态环境空间作为融入国土空间规划体系的重要领域,有必要加强其管控制度建设.本文系统总结了改革开放40余年来,我国生态环境空间管控的发展历程和特点,分析了在新形势下生态环境空间管控面临的主要问题和挑战,提出了未来生态环境空间管控制度可从加强综合性环境功能区划的编制应用、加强与国家空间规划体系的衔接融合、建立生态环境空间信息数据库与信息系统等方面入手.

As a state model for regional coordinated development and world-class city group, and a demonstration area of secure human settlements and ecological restoration, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region shoulders huge tasks of improving environmental quality. Regional zoning for differentiated environmental management, based on systematic assessment of regional ecological environment endowment and carrying capacity, is an important measure for promoting regional environmental management and space control. Taking Beijing-TianjinHebei region as an example, and based on the comprehensive carrying capacity assessment, this paper analyzed three dimensions of ecological protection space, environmental control and secure human settlement, and put forward the environmental zoning scheme of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region by comprehensive stacking and spatial analysis, including 52 first-level zones and 443 second-level zones. In addition, the differentiated environmental access requirements in different zones were also put forward.

Different regions in China face greatly dissimilar ecological and environmental problems due to large variations in natural conditions and socioeconomic development levels. Such spatial variability calls for regionalized environmental management and protection policies. Environmental function zoning is an effective tool for the design and implementation of differentiated environmental policies. To contain the ecological degradation in different regions of China, we first created a comprehensive environmental function evaluation index system that included 25 socioeconomic and environmental indicators for the three key elements of natural ecological security protection, healthy human living environment maintenance, and regional environment carrying capacity. To clarify the division of Chinese environmental function zoning in the new period, we use GIS and remote sensing technology. We generated 1-km resolution grid data for the 25 indicators and implemented this index system to evaluate the environmental function of the 2414 counties in China. Differentiated environmental management objectives and strategies were designed and implemented for different zones to avoid the phenomenon of one size fits all. This work lays a scientific foundation and provides a quantitative tool for the design and implementation of differentiated management. By considering not only the natural system but also the social and economic systems and their interactions, this evaluation of environmental function provides a more comprehensive view and thus offers new insights on balancing environmental protection and socioeconomic development.

优化国土空间开发格局是推进生态文明建设的重要任务.西藏自治区是我国重要的生态安全屏障,区内生态环境问题表现出极大的差异性,需要实施差异化的管控措施.本文阐述了西藏自治区开展生态环境空间管控的现实需求,构建了西藏生态环境空间管控框架,明确了各管控区内涵与特征,提出了分区管控对策.

生态空间识别是有效维护生态环境和减缓生态退化的有效方法之一,也是生态学目前研究的重要领域.京津冀地区自然禀赋先天不足,由于持续高强度的开发活动,水资源和土地资源的生态压力增大,脆弱的自然生态本底与经济社会发展的矛盾冲突激烈.为了探索基于可持续发展目标的生态空间管控有效方法,依据生态系统服务功能重要性和敏感性评价,以及重点生态功能区、重要生态功能区和生物多样性保护优先区等生态保护重要区域识别,确定了京津冀地区的生态空间.浑善达克沙漠化防治生态功能区、冀北燕山山区和冀西太行山山区,这些重要的区域关系到京津冀地区水资源和生态安全,是京津冀生态安全的重要屏障.生态空间识别将为京津冀地区社会经济可持续发展提供相应的科学依据.