Habitat fragmentation and wetland degradation caused by urban expansion pose a serious threat to regional ecological security, and ecological network (EN) optimization has been widely acknowledged as a conservation strategy for enhancing ecological resilience. However, previous studies on EN optimization are relatively homogeneous in their methods and perspectives, which, to some extent, hinders the protection of wetland systems as a means to improve the EN resilience. In this study, taking the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region as a case study, we integrated wetland restoration into the framework of EN optimization, established a high-performance wetland conservation system contributing to overall ecological resilience, and assessed the resilience of the optimized EN under disturbance scenarios. We identified that the initial EN had 145 ecological sources and 346 ecological corridors. With the addition of 58 wetland stepping stones, optimized EN 1 saw its corridor count increase to 510, which markedly enhanced its connectivity and improved its structural resilience threshold. By contrast, the establishment of wetland buffer zones has led to a predominant increase in functional resilience threshold in optimized EN 2. Moreover, both optimizations elevated the overall resilience threshold, with the highest value (0.596) achieved by integrating wetland nature reserve protection and stepping stone addition. These findings provide methodological support for introducing wetland conservation into EN optimization at the landscape level and a reference for designing reasonable ecological corridors.

Increasing precipitation variability has been tightly coupled to livestock grazing through direct impacts on vegetation productivity in rangeland ecosystems. However, where and to what extent such impacts occur has not been quantified systematically at the regional scale; thus, adaptive grazing management is plagued by this knowledge gap. Hence, using 20 years of precipitation, rangeland productivity, and livestock density data across Tibet, we assessed long-term precipitation variability impacts on alpine rangeland grazing, specifically highlighting variations in intra- and inter-annual precipitation variability. We showed that the precipitation concentration index (PCI) and coefficient of variation in precipitation (CVP) both increased significantly across Tibet over the past two decades, especially in the western region. On the contrary, grazing intensity (GI) in most rangeland areas markedly declined over the same period. Moreover, we found that GI is highly responsive to PCI and CVP for the alpine steppe, but interestingly, only PCI is significantly associated with GI for the alpine meadow. Furthermore, the Granger causality test indicates an extremely significant causality between GI and PCI, further highlighting that PCI was a remarkable determinant of rangeland grazing over the last two decades. Notably, we statistically identified rangelands with higher precipitation variability that experienced intensive livestock grazing, specifically, GI responded positively to CVP and PCI. In conclusion, our findings provide novel support for the increasing precipitation variability impacts on rangeland grazing over time across Tibet, especially the intra-annual variation. Thus, we advocate the implementation of adaptive grazing management, such as excluding and minimizing grazing for the alpine rangeland ecosystem under higher precipitation variability.

The resilience of urban agglomerations (UAs) is recognized because of their ability to withstand, adapt to, and recover from natural disasters and social threats. However, limited information on the resilience of specific urban agglomerations may hinder their sustainable development. The emerging concept of Social–Ecological–Technological system (SETS) resilience presents a novel framework for understanding and evaluating the resilience of UAs. Taking the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration (BTHUA) as a case study, we constructed a comprehensive resilience assessment framework. By incorporating the coupling coordination degree (CCD) model, modified gravity model, standard deviation ellipse, and obstacle degree model, we systematically evaluated the BTHUA’s SETS resilience. The results show that from 2010 to 2022, both the SETS resilience and its CCD in the BTHUA improved significantly. All the cities reached the coordination stage, with CCD values exceeding 0.6. The key cities enhanced their influence on the surrounding cities, resulting in a more robust and interconnected intercity resilience network. However, the BTHUA still confronts challenges in resource endowment, technological innovation, and public services, which warrant a more integrated and systematic approach to enhance regional SETS resilience.

Understanding the drying mechanism is critical for formulating targeted mitigation strategies to combat drought impacts. This study aimed to reveal divergent drying mechanisms in humid and non-humid regions across China from the multidimensional perspectives of climate, vegetation, and energy balance. During the period 1982–2012, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) revealed non-significant drying trends across China. Simultaneously, temperature and precipitation indicated a warming and drying pattern in the humid regions, contrasted with a warming and moistening pattern in the non-humid areas. The coupling effects of declined precipitation, increased vegetation coverage, and elevated temperature exacerbated dryness in the humid regions, while pronounced warming dominantly caused dryness in the non-humid regions. The inverse correlations between the actual evapotranspiration (ET) with precipitation and potential ET (PET) highlighted the principal role of moisture availability in divergent drying mechanisms over humid and non-humid regions. Random Forest models recognized precipitation and PET as the primary factors influencing SPEI in the humid and non-humid regions, respectively. Ongoing warming from 2013 to 2022 mitigated dryness in the humid regions due to the increased latent heat at the expense of sensible heat. Conversely, warming, amplified by the heightened sensible heat, exacerbated drought in the non-humid regions. By identifying the contrasting responses of humid and non-humid regions to warming and moisture availability, this study provides crucial insights for policymakers to mitigate drought impacts and enhance resilience in vulnerable non-humid areas.

Assessing vegetation changes in alpine arid and fragile ecosystems is imperative for informed ecological restoration initiatives and adaptive ecosystem management. Previous studies primarily employed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to reveal vegetation dynamics, ignoring the spatial heterogeneity alterations caused by bare soil. In this study, we used a comprehensive analysis of NDVI and its spatial heterogeneity to examine the vegetation changes across the Three-River Headwaters Region (TRHR) over the past two decades. A random forest model was used to elucidate the underlying causes of these changes. We found that between 2000 and 2022, 9.4% of the regions exhibited significant changes in both NDVI and its spatial heterogeneity. These regions were categorized into six distinct types of vegetation change: improving conditions (62.1%), regrowing conditions (11.0%), slight degradation (16.2%), medium degradation (8.4%), severe degradation (2.0%), and desertification (0.3%). In comparison with steppe regions, meadows showed a greater proportion of improved conditions and medium degradation, whereas steppes had more instances of regrowth and slight degradation. Climate variables are the dominant factors that caused vegetation changes, with contributions to NDVI and spatial heterogeneity reaching 68.9% and 73.2%, respectively. Temperature is the primary driver of vegetation dynamics across the different types of change, with a more pronounced impact in meadows. In severely degraded steppe and meadow regions, grazing intensity emerged as the predominant driver of NDVI change, with an importance value exceeding 0.50. Notably, as degradation progressed from slight to severe, the significance of this factor correspondingly increased. Our findings can provide effective information for guiding the implementation of ecological restoration projects and the sustainable management of alpine arid ecosystems.

生态保护红线是国家和区域必须要严格保护的生态空间,是国家生态安全的底线和生命线.为切实守护好生态保护红线,维护国家生态安全,有效规范生态保护红线监督工作,近日生态环境部制定印发《生态保护红线生态环境监督办法(试行)》.本文从生态保护红线生态环境监督的政策背景、战略意义、基本原则、核心任务等方面进行解读,为全国各地区推动构建生态保护红线生态环境监督体系提供参考.

生态保护红线是保障和维护国家生态安全的底线和生命线.自生态保护红线划定工作启动以来,如何建立完善相关制度机制、切实守好守牢这一底线和生命线,成为各地区生态保护红线监管的迫切需要.本文对当前生态保护红线监督工作的实践基础、存在的问题进行了系统梳理总结,并从加强部门沟通协作、完善法律法规与政策标准、提升监测评估与监督执法能力等方面,提出建立健全国家生态保护红线监督制度机制的对策建议.

生态安全格局理论为区域尺度的景观综合体生态保护修复实践提供了理论依据和技术路径.以我国东南地区重要的生态屏障——武夷山主峰黄岗山片区为例,按照识别生态源地—构建阻力面—提取生态廊道的研究框架,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,评估提取区域内生态系统服务功能极重要区,将其与自然保护地叠加生成生态源地;采用地类和地形因子对研究区设置阻力面,运用最小累积阻力模型提取生态廊道,将生态功能重要区确定为生态缓冲区,构建黄岗山片区生态安全格局.结果显示:黄岗山片区生态源地面积为5808.80 km2,占区域面积的34.16％,占比较大,主要分布在江西省南部、福建省北部山地的交界地带;提取生态廊道共21条,长度为455.1 km,呈组团式将中部与东北部、西南部源地斑块连通起来;生态缓冲区面积为1574.13 km2,占比为9.2％,主要分布在研究区的北部山区.研究打破省域、市域、流域界限,将研究区视为一个完整的生命共同体,充分考虑生态结构的完整性、生态过程的连通性以及生态功能的重要性,构建区域尺度点线面状的生态安全格局,可为当地实施区域一体化保护和修复提供空间指引.

总结了当前我国生态安全及预警相关概念,对比分析了现有生态安全预警思路与方法,以生产空间为研究对象,从产业发展导致的生态环境问题角度出发,研究提出了产业发展对生态安全影响预警的技术框架,建议针对资源消耗型、环境破坏型区域,可通过资源环境承载力评价,基于超载状况及其变化趋势进行预警;针对生态破坏型区域及具体产业,可通过生态系统承载力评价、生态阈值分析等方式进行预警分析.最后提出未来生态安全预警的重点研究方向,包括产业发展对生态安全的影响机制、产业胁迫因子生态阈值、基于人体健康的生态安全预警研究等.

国家重点生态功能区对维护国家和区域生态安全至关重要,产业准入负面清单制度是促进区域国土空间布局优化、引导产业绿色发展的重要举措.本文分别选取了水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙、生物多样性维护不同类型国家重点生态功能区的案例区,深入开展产业准入负面清单制定的现状分析与问题识别.结果表明:现有产业准入负面清单以限制类为主且多为现有发展产业,禁止类产业较少且多为规划发展产业,在实施过程中仍存在与主体功能定位不符、区域协调性不足、实施困难大、缺乏动态跟踪管理等四方面问题.在此基础上,结合国家有关政策要求和不同区域主导功能定位,提出水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙、生物多样性维护四类重点生态功能区的通用性和差异性产业准入负面清单优化政策建议,为国家重点生态功能区保护与管理提供决策参考.

The ecological environment of the Yellow River Basin is sensitive and fragile. Affected by climate change and large-scale, high-intensity human development for a long time, the overall and systemic ecological degradation of the basin is prominent, and the ecological security situation is unoptimistic. To effectively promote ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin and build a strong ecological security barrier, we systematically evaluate the current status and changes of the Yellow River Basin ecosystem in terms of structure and quality in the past two decades, and summarize the main problems and deficiencies existing in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including the ecological fragility of the basin, prominent systemic degradation, and the constraints of the current work in terms of institutional mechanism, investment, and implementing effect. Then we propose future ecological protection and restoration strategies. Our research shows that the ecosystem of the Yellow River Basin has maintained a stable structure in the past two decades, but its types have changed significantly; cities and towns have expanded significantly, forest, grasslands, and wetlands have increased, and the desertified area has been significantly reduced. The overall quality of the ecosystem, particularly in the middle reaches, has improved, and degradation still exists in some regions, particularly in the lower reaches. Therefore, we propose that ecological protection and restoration of the Yellow River Basin should be strengthened through three aspects: (1) systematically evaluating the implementing effect of ecological projects, (2) promoting ecological protection and restoration according to local conditions, and (3) innovating the value realization mechanism of ecological products, so as to ensure the ecological security of the region.

用水结构不合理、流域生态系统退化是黄河流域和澳大利亚墨累?达令河流域共同面临的重大问题.通过梳理墨累?达令河流域生态用水保障实践中的主要做法和成功经验,对比分析了黄河流域和墨累?达令河流域生态环境现状、生态用水保障管理体制机制、水权和水权交易机制等方面的特点,借鉴墨累?达令河流域生态用水保障的理念和方法,提出了黄河流域生态用水保障管理的建议,包括健全流域生态用水管理的法律体系和管理协调机制、建立生态优先的管理思路、完善水权管理和交易机制、强化监督执法等.

以国家重点生态功能区县域——武夷山市为案例区,选取54个珍稀濒危物种为指示物种,在物种栖息地评价基础上采用系统保护规划工具MARXAN模型评估生物多样性保护的优先区域.结果表明,武夷山市生物多样性保护优先区总面积为734.7 km2,占武夷山市国土面积的26.1％,并集中分布于东北部、西北部及东南部地区;在保护优先区内,8个一级保护物种栖息地的保护比例均超过各自栖息地总面积的50％.空缺分析发现,生物多样性保护优先区与现有自然保护地存在空间不匹配的现象,建议优先在生物多样性保护一级优先区范围内补充扩建和新建自然保护地,包括向东补充扩建武夷山国家公园、向南补充扩建武夷山黄龙岩省级自然保护区,在吴屯乡吴屯溪、东溪水库及其周边新建森林、湿地及水生野生动植物自然保护区,在上梅乡和五夫镇建设森林保护类自然公园.

随着公众对优质生态产品的需求不断提升,健全和完善生态产品价值实现机制已成为新时期生态文明建设的重要内容和践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"理念的重要举措.如何开展区域景观规划以有效配置各类景观类型、数量和空间格局,充分发挥其塑造生态系统结构、调节生态服务功能、促进受损生态系统修复的作用,已经成为改善区域生态环境质量、增强优质生态产品供给能力亟须研究的重要问题.本文概述了德国、英国、日本等发达国家景观规划与管理进展,探讨了景观在生态保护修复和促进自然资本增值中的地位与作用,提出以区域景观规划增强优质生态产品供给能力的对策建议.

完善优化了原生态保护与建设支出核算框架,系统收集改革开放以来全国及各地区生态保护修复支出数据并开展核算研究.结果表明:(1)改革开放以来,我国生态保护修复支出总量迅速增加且受政策驱动明显,累计支出达70 638.3亿元,2017年支出总量为9 571.5亿元,是1979年的2 000多倍,占GDP的比重为1.17％.(2)生态保护修复支出类型和结构不断丰富完善,支出类型由最初的3类增加到12类,支出结构由最初的一"林"独大(90.0％)转变为城镇(29.4％)、森林(25.5％)、水土保持及生态(27.3％)三类并重,其他类型支出互为补充的总体结构.(3)支出地区差异明显,东部地区累计支出、单位国土面积支出均最高,西部地区单位国土面积支出最低,仅是东部地区的12.7％.(4)支出总量占GDP的比重呈稳定快速增长趋势,其中1998-2003年和2008-2012年分别是持续快速增长期,1991年以来西部地区支出占GDP的比重均高于其他地区.基于核算结果,分别从核算工作层面和提高生态保护修复支出层面提出了相应的对策建议.

全面推动实现减污降碳协同增效是新发展阶段我国兑现碳达峰碳中和庄严承诺、深入打好污染防治攻坚战、建设美丽中国的必然要求.环境污染物与二氧化碳排放的高度同源性是实现减污降碳协同增效的理论基础.本文首先就目标指标、管控区域、控制对象、措施任务、政策工具五个方面的协同性系统讨论了减污降碳协同增效的基本内涵.其次,着眼于当前大气环境治理与碳减排在中国的重要性,本文在国家层面讨论了二者的中长期协同控制路线图,阐述了重点协同区域的识别方法和重点部门的协同治理思路,系统提出了大气环境治理与碳减排的协同路径.再次,本文还就"无废城市"建设和生态保护这两个领域与碳减排的协同治理思路展开分析讨论.最后,针对减污降碳协同治理对政策体系的需求,提出了统筹优化减污降碳协同目标、建立协同法规标准、建立减污降碳协同管理制度三个方面的建议.本研究将有助于厘清各方对减污降碳协同增效的认识,对各级政府后续推进减污降碳协同治理工作提供理论和科学基础.

近20年来,中国生态保护修复事业取得长足进步,为保障国家生态安全、推进美丽中国建设提供了重要基础支撑.国家通过实施一系列生态保护修复政策和重大工程,生态保护修复取得明显进展,生态产品供给能力保持总体稳定.本文回顾了近20年中国生态保护修复发展历程,分别从国土生态空间管控、生态系统保护修复、生物多样性保护、生态文明示范建设等重点领域总结了主要进展和成效.面向建设美丽中国以及实现碳达峰碳中和目标愿景,以维护国家和区域生态安全、恢复和提升生态系统服务功能、推动生态产品价值实现为着力点,对新时期中国生态保护修复提出未来展望.

在深入分析现有法律法规基础上,针对黄河流域水生态系统完整性受损、上游地区天然草地湿地功能下降、中游地区水土流失严重、下游滩区历史遗留问题多、河口三角洲湿地萎缩严重等突出生态问题,研究提出黄河流域生态保护修复的立法建议,包括推进流域水生态系统整体保护修复、分区分类实施退化区域修复治理、加强全流域生态保护修复监管.

在梳理总结国土空间生态修复内涵的基础上,以海南岛为例开展了省域尺度国土空间生态修复分区实证研究.结果表明:(1)国土空间生态修复是以维护区域生态安全、恢复提升生态系统服务功能为目标,协同推进山水林田湖草整体保护、系统修复、综合治理的相关活动总和;(2)海南岛局部仍存在生态空间受挤占、生物多样性受威胁、生态系统服务功能下降等生态退化问题,亟须开展国土空间生态修复.建议按照"一核三区"总体布局推进海南岛国土空间生态修复,"一核"即中南部山区热带雨林核心区,"三区"即万泉河流域、南渡江流域、昌化江流域下游三个陆域生态修复区及其关联的近岸海域海岛海岸.

生态承载力是产业发展的基础,产业发展与生态承载力协调一致是实现区域可持续发展的关键.文章从产业发展、生态承载力的概念出发,辨析了产业发展与生态承载力的相互关系,界定了产业发展与生态承载力一致性评价的概念与评价内容,构建了基于供体一受体的产业发展与生态承载力一致性评价技术框架,最后深入讨论了当前产业发展与生态承载力一致性评价的主要难点.研究成果对区域经济社会可持续发展具有重要的科学指导意义.