To enhance the stability and bioavailability of lutein (LUT), we developed a novel LUT nanoparticle system (GCPT-LUT) by encapsulating LUT in corn polypeptide glycosylated with chitosan oligosaccharide. The resulting nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited a relatively small size (396 ± 5.18 nm) and good dispersibility (PDI = 0.149). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that LUT was successfully encapsulated in glycosylated corn peptide, thus forming a stable NP-embedded delivery system. The stability of LUT in GCPT-LUT NPs was markedly improved under various thermal and light stress conditions. Moreover, GCPT-LUT exerted potent antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. At a concentration of 128 µg/mL with 72 h of treatment, GCPT-LUT inhibited cell proliferation by 77.86%, which was significantly higher than the inhibition rate of free LUT alone. Flow cytometry analysis, combined with reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays, revealed that GCPT-LUT inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis, and this apoptotic mechanism appears to be associated with ROS generation. In conclusion, glycosylated corn peptide is a promising candidate for development as an efficient delivery carrier for LUT, with potential applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industries.

A new edible zein film modified with food additives sucrose esters (SE), glyceryl monostearate (GMS), and potassium sorbate (PS) was developed and successfully applied to the preservation of emerald green grapes. The physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the edible PS/GMS/SE/Zein films were investigated. The film had a relatively thin thickness of 0.27 +/- 0.0001 mm, higher tensile strength 15.34 +/- 0.57 MPa, and lower water vapor permeability 3.05 +/- 0.01 g mm/m2 & sdot;h & sdot;KPa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the introduction of SE and GMS improved the smoothness, density, and barrier function of zein films, and the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the hydrophobic structure of zein were the main reasons for the enhancement of their membrane performance. Furthermore, PS/GMS/SE/Zein films had good antioxidant properties and exhibited obvious antibacterial performance against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. As an edible coating on emerald green grapes, the zein film incorporated with food emulsifier SE, GMS, and preservative PS formulation effectively reduced weight loss, prevented color changes, preserved total phenol and ascorbic acid levels, enhanced antibacterial ability, and extended shelf life. This study provides a new strategy for enhancing the biological activity, mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of zein-based edible films, which can be used as potential alternatives for petrochemical plastics and provide more opportunities for fruit and vegetable food packaging.

The role of hydrogen persulfide (H2S2) has remained elusive due to the scarcity of controllable donors, despite its importance as a reactive sulfur species whose dyshomeostasis drives neuroinflammation. Herein, we employed HPD1, a novel esterase-responsive H2S2 donor, to investigate its anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated glial cells. HPD1 alleviated LPS-induced cytotoxicity and promoted a phenotypic shift from a pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic phenotype to an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype in microglia (M1 to M2) and primary astrocytes (A1 to A2). Mechanistically, in BV2 microglia, HPD1 significantly inhibited the protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and attenuated the phosphorylation of key components in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In both BV2 microglia and primary astrocytes, HPD1 effectively suppressed the phosphorylation of both p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), prevented the proteasomal degradation of IκBα, and blocked the nuclear translocation of p65, ultimately attenuating the neuroinflammatory response. Collectively, HPD1 mitigated neuroinflammation by reprogramming glial phenotypic polarization via inhibiting the TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, elucidating a potential molecular mechanism for H2S2 and suggesting that H2S2 supplementation holds a promising therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory diseases.

Cordycepin is an important bioactive component in Cordyceps militaris and offers significant physiological benefits for human health. However, its application is limited due to its poor stability and rapid degradation, which lead to a loss of bioactivity. This study aimed to enhance the stability and anti-inflammatory efficacy of cordycepin by developing a novel Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) modified cordycepin nano-liposome (COS-Cor-Lpo) using a reverse evaporation and surface modification technique. The COS-Cor-Lpo exhibited a spherical microstructure with a diameter of <300 nm, demonstrating a narrower size distribution, better polydispersity, and higher encapsulation efficiency of cordycepin compared to unmodified liposomes. The formation of COS-Cor-Lpo was primarily driven by electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bonding interactions. Moreover, COS-Cor-Lpo significantly improved cordycepin's stability under various storage conditions, reduced its release in gastric fluid, and enhanced its release in intestinal fluid, promoting targeted absorption. Compared to cordycepin and its unmodified liposomes, COS-Cor-Lpo showed lower cytotoxicity, higher antioxidant activity, and a stronger protective effect against inflammatory damage in IEC-6 cells by reducing the levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while inhibiting the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, P38, and JNK. These results suggest that COS-Cor-Lpo represents a promising nano-embedding system for cordycepin delivery.

The production of polysaccharides through submerged fermentation using a sole corn steep liquor (CSL) medium with Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris GDMCC 5270) has been successfully demonstrated. Single-factor experiments and orthogonal optimization of culture conditions were conducted for analysis. The results indicated that the optimal fermentation conditions for C. militaris polysaccharides (CMP) were 6

Corn is an important crop that can be used to produce many bioactive compounds. These functional components have been widely applied in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Corn steep liquor (CSL) is a by-product of deep processing of corn that contains a lot of protein, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients, which is considered to be a rich and cheap source of plant nutrients. However, CSL is not widely used and factories are required to treat CSL as waste water directly; therefore, the question of how to turn CSL waste into a valuable product is likely to become a hot topic. In order to fully explore the potential utilization value of CSL, this review comprehensively summarizes the structural composition and nutritional characteristics of CSL, and its application and prospect in the biotransformation of industrialized organic acids, polysaccharides, lipids, enzymes, natural pigments, and novel functional components through the microbial fermentation pathway. Furthermore, specific methods for bioconverting various active substances using CSL were proposed, and the influences of various production conditions on the yield of the bioactive substances were fully analyzed and discussed. This article provides a reference for the efficient utilization of corn steep liquor as a by-product of corn processing.

Cordycepin production in the submerged culture of Cordyceps militaris was demonstrated using hydrolyzed corn processing protein by-products, known as corn steep liquor hydrolysate (CSLH), as an alternative nitrogen source. The growth, metabolism, and cordycepin production of Cordyceps militaris were evaluated under various concentrations of CSLH induction. The results demonstrated that CSLH addition had positive effects on the growth and cordycepin production with various C. militaris strains. The optimum strain, C. militaris GDMCC5.270, was found to effectively utilize CSLH to promote mycelium growth and cordycepin production. Low concentrations of CSLH (1.5 g/L) in the fermentation broth resulted in 343.03 ± 15.94 mg/L cordycepin production, which was 4.83 times higher than that of the group without CSLH. This also enhanced the metabolism of sugar, amino acids, and nucleotides, leading to improved cordycepin biosynthesis. The increase in key amino acids, such as glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid, in the corn steep liquor hydrolysate significantly enhanced cordycepin yield. The corn steep liquor hydrolysate was confirmed to be a cost-effective accelerator for mycelium growth and cordycepin accumulation in C. militaris, replacing partial peptone as a cheap nitrogen source. It serves as a suitable alternative for efficient cordycepin production at a low cost.

Plant proteins have gained significant attention over animal proteins due to their low carbon footprint, balanced nutrition, and high sustainability. These attributes make plant protein nanocarriers promising for applications in drug delivery, nutraceuticals, functional foods, and other areas. Zein, a major by-product of corn starch processing, is inexpensive and widely available. Its unique self-assembly characteristics have led to its extensive use in various food and drug systems. Zein’s functional tunability allows for excellent performance in loading and transporting bioactive substances. Lutein offers numerous bioactive functions, such as antioxidant and vision protection, but suffers from poor chemical stability and low bioavailability. Nano-embedding technology can construct various zein-loaded lutein nanodelivery systems to address these issues. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the construction of zein-loaded lutein nanosystems. It discusses the fundamental properties of these systems; systematically introduces preparation techniques, structural characterization, and functional properties; and analyzes and predicts the target-controlled release and bioaccessibility of zein-loaded lutein nanosystems. The interactions and synergistic effects between Zein and lutein in the nanocomplexes are examined to elucidate the formation mechanism and conformational relationship of zein–lutein nanoparticles. The physical and chemical properties of Zein are closely related to the molecular structure. Zein and its modified products can encapsulate and protect lutein through various methods, creating more stable and efficient zein-loaded lutein nanosystems. Additionally, embedding lutein in Zein and its derivatives enhances lutein’s digestive stability, solubility, antioxidant properties, and overall bioavailability.

为提高果蔬粉的营养价值,本研究利用红甜菜粉、紫薯粉、草莓粉、蓝莓粉复配制成富含花色苷的果蔬营养粉,通过单因素试验、正交试验,并以感官评分为评价指标,优化果蔬粉的配方.结果表明,果蔬粉最佳配方为红甜菜粉3.0 g、紫薯粉1.2 g、草莓粉3.0 g、蓝莓粉3.0 g、白砂糖0.45 g、瓜尔豆胶0.01 g,得到的果蔬粉富含花色昔(含量为88.5 mg/100 g)等营养成分,且具有较高的抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基清除率可达82.71％),能为新型功能性果蔬营养粉的研制提供思路.

In order to improve its carrying and delivery performance, zein was glycosylated with chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) by Maillard reaction to prepare glycosylated zein conjugates (GLCZ), and lutein was encapsulated within GLCZ for fabricating GLCZ-LUT nanoparticles. The results revealed the encapsulation efficiency of lutein loaded in zein (Z-LUT) was greatly increased from 69.33% to 85.75% when zein was modified with COS at a mass ratio of 1:3. The GLCZ-LUT nanoparticles presented unique spherical nanostructures, larger particle sizes (260-380nm), increased zeta potential (-22.4 to -27.5 mv), and superior polydispersity (PDI <0.2). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) confirmed that lutein was combined and encapsulated better by the Maillard-modified zein, and hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions were the driving forces for formation of combined nanoparticle structures. Moreover, GLCZ-LUT showcased enhanced solubility, in vitro release, and antioxidant capacity of lutein. The stability of lutein under thermal, storage, and UV-light conditions in functional drinks was also significantly improved by GLCZ. The glycosylated COS/zein system, developed through the Maillard reaction, emerges as a leading contender for efficient lutein delivery in functional beverages.

[目的]为了监测2甲4氯异辛酯及代谢物2甲4氯在玉米等农产品中的残留及环境安全评价,建立了柱前衍生高效液相色谱检测玉米中2者残留量的分析方法.[方法]样品中2者先用甲醇-氢氧化钠溶液反应提取,水相用盐酸-水溶液调节pH值至2,混合层析柱萃取,浓缩定容后净化,采用HPLC-PDAD进行检测.[结果]在0.1～20 mg/L质量浓度范围内,2者的峰面积与质量浓度之间呈现出良好的线性关系;在添加质量分数为0.05～1.0 mg/kg时,2甲4氯异辛酯在成熟玉米籽粒、鲜食玉米中的添加回收率分别为90％～102％和85％～104％,相对标准偏差分别为1.2％～3.1％和0.9％～4.3％;在添加质量分数为0.05～1.0 mg/kg时,2甲4氯在成熟玉米籽粒、鲜食玉米的添加回收率分别为89％～99％和90％～104％,相对标准偏差分别为1.5％～3.1％和1.8％～2.3％;在添加质量分数为0.1～1.0 mg/kg时,2者在秸秆中的添加回收率为92％～101％,相对标准偏差为1.2％～3.4％.该方法的最小检出量(LOD)均为2.0 ng.2者在成熟玉米籽粒、鲜食玉米中的最低检测浓度(LOQ)均为0.05 mg/kg,在秸秆中的最低检测浓度(LOQ)均为0.1 mg/kg.[结论]该分析方法将2种目标物同时碱液衍生提取、混合层析柱萃取、高效液相测定,具有灵敏度精确度和准确度良好、分离度佳等特点,符合农药残留检测分析的要求,已应用于玉米中2甲4氯异辛酯及2甲4氯的农残监测.

Lutein is a functional carotenoid that has a wide range of physiological benefits in humans. However, it easily degrades and becomes inactivated during storage and processing, resulting in low bioavailability. The development of new nanocarriers can effectively improve the stability and biological activity of lutein. In this study, zein hydrolysate (ZH) carriers were glycosylated with glucosamine (GLU) under the action of transglutaminase, and lutein-loaded glycosylated ZH nanoparticles (GZH-LUT) were constructed by liquid–liquid dispersion. The results showed that the GZH-LUT particles had a narrow size distribution in the range of 200–300 nm and a decreased zeta potential and polydispersity index. In particular, GZH trapped lutein more efficiently than ZH. In addition, GZH-LUT had better physical and chemical properties, including better water solubility, oxidative stability, and environmental stability than free lutein and ZH-LUT. These results indicate that glycosylated zein hydrolysate has the potential to be used as a novel protein-based nanocarrier to enhance the solubility and stability of lutein, which can further improve its bioavailability.

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定水稻中稻瘟灵和噁霉灵残留量的分析方法.样品中稻瘟灵和噁霉灵用乙腈水溶液(V∶V=1∶1)提取,经HC-C18净化,以Agilent Proshell 120 EC-C8色谱柱分离,采用HPLC-MS/MS多反应监测(MRM)正离子模式测定,外标法定量.结果表明:在1～100ng/mL的质量浓度范围内,稻瘟灵和噁霉灵的峰面积与质量浓度之间呈现出良好的线性关系;稻瘟灵和噁霉灵在水稻稻壳和水稻秸秆中的最低检测浓度均为0.05 mg/kg,在水稻糙米中的最低检测浓度为0.02 mg/kg.在添加浓度为0.05～2.0mg/kg时,稻瘟灵和噁霉灵在水稻稻壳中的平均加标回收率为86％～103％,相对标准偏差为3％～10％;在水稻秸秆中的平均加标回收率为84％～107％,相对标准偏差为2％～7％.在添加浓度为0.02～2.0mg/kg时,稻瘟灵和噁霉灵在水稻糙米中的平均加标回收率为91％～108％,相对标准偏差为1％～15％.该方法快速简便、准确可靠,可用于水稻中稻瘟灵和噁霉灵的残留量检测.

Glucosamine-glycosylated zein (GLZ) generated by transglutaminase was developed as a novel delivery vehicle to prepare lutein-loaded glycosylated zein nanoparticles (GLZ-LUT). GLZ-LUT exhibited a polydispersed spherical microstructure, lutein was embedded into GLZ to form nanocomplexes via self-assembly, they had a lower zeta potential and an average particle size of less than 200 nm. Compared to lutein-loaded zein nanoparticles (Zein-LUT), the lutein entrapment efficiency of GLZ-LUT was increased from 81.55% to 89.60%. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis results confirmed that zein was successfully modified and that lutein was encapsulated by hydrophobic zein and GLZ. Moreover, GLZ showed significantly higher solubilization of lutein than Zein-LUT and significantly improved the in vitro release of lutein in the simulated gastrointestinal tract. The in vitro antioxidant activity of lutein was also enhanced by the encapsulation of zein and glycosylated zein. These findings indicated that GLZ represent a potentially efficient and promising nanodelivery carrier for lutein compounds.

As an important food crop, corn has an important impact on people’s lives. The processing of corn produces many by-products, such as corn gluten meal, corn husk, and corn steep liquor, which are rich in protein, oil, carbohydrates, and other nutrients, all of which are inexpensive. Their accumulation in large quantities during the production process not only results in a burden on the environment but also the loss of potentially valuable food materials that can be processed. In fact, the by-products of corn processing have been partially used in functional foods, nutrients, feed, and other industries. There is no doubt that the secondary utilization of these by-products can not only solve the problem of waste pollution caused by them, but also produce high value-added products and improve the economic benefits of corn. This paper describes in detail the processing and higher-value utilization of the five main by-products: corn gluten meal, corn husks, corn steep liquor, corn germ, and fuel ethanol by-product. The utilization status of corn processing by-products was discussed roundly, and the development trend of corn processing by-products in China and other countries was analyzed, which provided the reference for the development of the corn deep processing industry.

Although natural emulsifiers often have many drawbacks when used alone, their emulsifying ability and stability can usually be improved unexpectedly when used in combination. In this study, monodisperse emulsions stabilized by combining two natural protein emulsifiers, i.e., whey protein isolate (WPI) and sodium caseinate (SC), in different proportions were prepared using microchannel (MC) emulsification. The influences of temperature, pH, ionic strength, and storage time on the microstructure and stability of the emulsions were examined. Analysis of the microstructure and droplet size distribution revealed that the WPI-, SC-, and mixed protein-stabilized emulsions exhibited uniform droplet distribution. The droplet size and ξ-potential of the MC emulsions stabilized by mixed protein emulsifiers were higher than those of the emulsions stabilized by WPI or SC separately. The emulsions stabilized by the two types of proteins and mixed emulsifiers had better stability under high salt concentrations than the synthetic emulsifier Tween 20. WPI-SC-stabilized emulsions were more resistant to high temperatures (70-90°C) and exhibited excellent stabilization than those stabilized by WPI and SC, which was attributed to the more sufficient coverage provided by the two types of protein emulsifier layers and better protein adsorption at the oil-water interface. These results indicate that WPI-SC is a potential stabilizer for MC emulsion requirements. This study provides a basis for the formulation of monodisperse and stable natural emulsion systems.

采用中性蛋白酶(Neutral protease,NPT)对玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)进行酶解改性,通过反溶剂法构建玉米醇溶蛋白酶解物(Corn protein hydrolysate,CPH)负载叶黄素(CPH-LUT)纳米体系,研究了其结构表征、体外抗氧化活性及溶解释放特性.结果 表明,最佳酶解条件为:酶用量2.7％,酶解时间60 min,酶解温度50℃,酶解pH 6.0,在此条件下,对叶黄素的包封率最高可达92.1％:制备的CPH-LUT纳米粒的平均粒径为173.7 nm,多分散系数为0.077,Zeta电位为-18.1 mV;抗氧化和体外释放实验表明,CPH-LUT纳米粒中叶黄素的溶解性以及抗氧化活性显著提高,叶黄素在胃液和肠液中的释放皆符合一级动力学模型,且CPH对叶黄素具有一定的缓释作用.NPT酶解改性的玉米蛋白可作为叶黄素类功能成分保护和输送的有效载体.

玉米粥的老化回生问题是影响玉米粥食用品质和营养价值的技术难题.文章以解决东北特色玉米大碴粥的老化回生问题为目标,考察酶解工艺对方便玉米大碴粥老化回生和胃肠消化的影响.采用α-淀粉酶限制性酶解工艺抑制玉米大碴粥的老化回生,通过单因素和正交试验优化得到了抑制玉米大碴粥老化回生的最佳酶解工艺条件:α-淀粉酶用量为0.06％、酶解温度95℃、酶解时间10 min,此酶解条件下玉米大碴粥的抗老度最高达到了79.6％.经酶解处理后的大碴粥老化回生现象显著改善,且有利于人体的消化和吸收.

笔者以《食品理化分析》课程为例,对课程思政建设进行探索,将思政元素融入本课程中,实现思政政治教育与互联网、多媒体等现代教育技术的高度融合.现进行本课程中思政元素的挖掘与实践探索,必将为其他课程教学中的"三全育人"提供参考和借鉴.

以酶解玉米醇溶蛋白获得的小分子玉米多肽(Corn Peptide)为包埋载体,构建玉米肽(CPT)负载叶黄素(Lutein)纳米粒(CPT-LUT),研究两亲性玉米肽对脂溶性叶黄素的包埋和释放效果.考察了反溶剂法制备的CPT-LUT对叶黄素的负载能力,结构表征和叶黄素的释放性能.结果表明:玉米肽与叶黄素质量比为15:1时,玉米肽对叶黄素的包封率可达89.22％,负载率达到6.67％.经Nano分析仪和透射电镜(TEM)分析表明:CPT-LUT的粒径较小,平均粒径为(109.22±4.16)nm,多分散指数(PDI)值为0.105(＜0.5),溶解分散性良好,呈现出均一稳定的微观结构.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析证实玉米肽与叶黄素能够形成纳米复合物结构.CPT-LUT在胃肠环境下释放叶黄素率较高,符合一级释放动力学模型.玉米肽可以作为叶黄素类生物活性成分包埋与传递的功能性载体.