To assess whether continuous infusion of β-lactam antibiotics improves clinical outcomes compared to intermittent infusion in adult patients with sepsis or septic shock. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing continuous versus intermittent β-lactam infusion. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2.0 tool, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. Eleven studies involving 9,166 patients were analyzed, comparing continuous versus intermittent infusion of β-lactams in sepsis or septic shock. There was no significant difference in overall mortality (RR 0.94; 95
Introducción: La automedicación constituye un problema de salud pública y presenta una elevada prevalencia entre los estudiantes universitarios. Objetivos: Identificar factores sociodemográficos asociados a la frecuencia de automedicación en estudiantes universitarios de Lima. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal realizado entre octubre y diciembre de 2023 en 232 estudiantes seleccionados por conveniencia. La frecuencia de automedicación fue evaluada mediante un cuestionario validado de 12 ítems y clasificada en tres categorías: nunca, a veces y siempre. Los factores sociodemográficos incluyeron sexo, grupo de edad, año de estudio, estado civil, lugar de procedencia, zona de residencia, tener hijos y ocupación. El análisis bivariado se realizó con la prueba ji cuadrado y el análisis multivariable mediante un modelo logit estimando odds ratio (OR) con intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Se consideró significativo un valor de p< 0,05. Resultados: El 69,40 % de los participantes reportó automedicarse, siendo “a veces” la categoría más frecuente (60,78 %). El análisis multivariable identificó como factores protectores ser estudiante del tercer año (OR= 0,037) y dedicarse solo a estudiar (OR= 0,154). El sexo femenino (OR= 46,758) y residir en zona rural (OR= 5,713) se asociaron a un mayor riesgo de automedicación. No se hallaron asociaciones significativas con la edad, estado civil, lugar de procedencia o tener hijos (p> 0,05). Conclusiones: La automedicación presenta una alta prevalencia, en concordancia con lo reportado en otras poblaciones universitarias y evidencia asociación estadística con el año de estudio, la ocupación, el sexo y la zona de residencia.
Iron deficiency anemia continues to represent a significant public health challenge, particularly in developing countries, due to its negative impact on physical development, cognitive performance, and overall quality of life. This situation underscores the importance of developing innovative, nutritionally enhanced food products that are both effective in improving iron intake and acceptable to consumers. Bakery products, such as cookies, offer an attractive vehicle for nutritional fortification because of their wide consumption, long shelf life, and ease of distribution. Within this framework, the present study aimed to develop functional cookies enriched with edible mushroom flour (Suillus luteus) and bovine blood flour, to improve their nutritional profile—especially protein and iron content—while preserving appropriate sensory characteristics. To support the formulation process, the raw materials were first subjected to proximate chemical analysis to determine their moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash and carbohydrate contents. Based on these results, four experimental cookie formulations were prepared using wheat flour as the main structural base, mushroom flour as a source of bioactive compounds, and bovine blood flour as a fortifying ingredient rich in heme iron and essential amino acids. All formulations contained a fixed proportion of 95% wheat flour and 5% mushroom flour, while the concentration of bovine blood flour varied as follows: F0 (0%), F1 (4%), F2 (5%), and F3 (6%). The cookies were produced under standardized technological conditions, allowing for consistent evaluation of their nutritional, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. The results demonstrated that increasing the level of bovine blood flour significantly enhanced the nutritional value of the cookies. Among the formulations tested, F3 exhibited the most favorable balance between nutritional improvement and consumer acceptability, achieving the highest sensory evaluation scores. This optimized formulation showed a protein content of 17.76% and an iron concentration of 16.44 mg/100 g, levels that meet and exceed the recommended daily iron intake. Microbiological analyses confirmed the safety and hygienic quality of the product, with microbial counts below established limits. Overall, these findings indicate that cookies enriched with edible mushroom flour and bovine blood flour constitute a promising functional food, combining animal and fungal protein sources to support nutritional improvement, food innovation, and sustainable dietary strategies aimed at addressing iron deficiency anemia. Key words: Heme iron, edible mushrooms, fortified cookies, anemia, hemoglobin
The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of training artificial intelligence (AI) systems through the use of protected works on copyright regulation. To this end, we conduct a historical review of the foundational principles of copyright law and the legislative techniques employed in its regulation, particularly in response to the emergence of the internet. We then analyze the principal jurisprudential debates concerning AI and copyright. Finally, we conclude with a reflection on whether it is necessary to amend the current regulatory framework in order to protect authors against the improper exploitation of their works in the age of AI.
Biomimetic dentistry represents a shift toward minimally invasive, biologically driven restorative care. Dental caries remains highly prevalent and are often treated with invasive techniques that compromise healthy tooth structure. This review highlights biomimetic materials such as glass ionomer cements, nano-hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass and calcium phosphate systems which promote a remineralization and a new era in the way clinicians practice dentistry. The reviewed studies showed the application in minimally invasive dentistry, especially in atraumatic restorative treatment. These Biomimetic Materials continue to show tissue preservation and promote restoration longevity. Although the findings are promising, more clinical studies are still needed.
