International student mobility is increasingly framed through economic and security logics, yet less is known about how international study becomes consequential for civic and institutional practice after return. The analysis draws on in-depth interviews conducted between May 2023 and September 2024 with 393 internationally educated returnees across 68 countries, spanning social, political, and economic contexts. Return is treated as an analytic vantage point that reveals how comparative experience is carried into familiar institutional settings. Interviews are analysed interpretively, focusing on judgement and meaning-making. The study identifies five generative mechanisms through which international study becomes consequential after return: reflexive agency, civic understanding, knowledge translation, transnational social relations, and intercultural understanding. These mechanisms operate unevenly and in varied combinations, shaping how returnees judge what is possible and legitimate within constrained contexts. The analysis also introduces presence as a sustained reflexive and relational stance through which engagement, shaped by these mechanisms, may be held over time, even when institutional responsiveness is limited. The findings indicate that international student mobility matters not as a guarantee of transformation, but as a source of capacities that may support sustained judgement and engagement in the slow, cumulative work of institutional life.
The Climate-Nature Emergency (CNE) is an existential crisis that makes urgent the need to fundamentally transform the dominant model of social and economic development. Amid the wreckage created by competitive accumulation and hyper consumption, the crucial need is to develop a sustainable moral order, embodying constructive human-nature and human-human relations. Following Durkheim, the main components of a moral order are the state, which is the crucial repository of collective interest, and individuals who take responsibility for self-improvement and the implementation of social values. The CNE foregrounds the capacity of states everywhere to both organise centrally and foster devolved community agency that can effectively address local problems and disasters. Working with government, higher education has a central role to play in advancing and defending science, fostering skills and knowledge in government, and in developing reflexive agents effective in social action in all of the local, communal, national, regional and global scales. The CNE also calls up the need to overhaul the curriculum to render it consistent with ecological survival. Higher education has an advanced capacity to cooperate across national borders and can assist nation-states in the difficult but vital process of building stable global cooperation. In addressing these issues, China and higher education in China have strong endogenous traditions, ancient and recent, on which to draw, including the consensual role of the Sinic state, which when functioning effectively draws on widespread public support; governance through deep devolution within the framework of central policies; Confucian self-cultivation with its capacity to foster consciously reflective lifelong learners; and tianxia an approach to global cooperation founded in moral values and norms of conduct rather than coercion. When combined with the Western respect for personal freedom and initiative, these qualities have much to offer in addressing the CNE, not only in China but across the world.
学生学情发展趋势是学校人才培养质量的直接体现,探讨德智体美劳全面培养的教育体系下学生学情的时代特征及影响因素具有重要理论意义与政策意义.本文以清华大学为典型案例,使用抽样调查、聚类分析与回归分析等方法探讨本科生学情的新特征、新变化.研究发现学生德智体美劳全面发展趋势向好,学生学情多样化发展,形成全面成长型、科研创新型、红专兼备型、兴趣主导型等典型群体.与此同时,学生群体中也存在发展型群体,发展型群体比重达到1/3,显示出学生学情的多重面向.本文进一步探讨学生学情多样化的影响因素,发现学校育人工作和第二课堂建设等教育教学工作,学生高中类型和学习导向等个人特征共同形塑了学生学情.在实证分析基础上,本文从因材施教、评价体系和五育并举三个方面提出具体建议.
综合国力和国际威望的不断加强使得中国已成为世界第三大"人才环流"接纳国.随着来华学历留学生人数迅速增加且学历层次大幅度提高,大众化、普及型的中文水平测试及教学要求已不能满足全球高端来华留学人才的需求.在新时期高质量发展观的视域下,来华留学生的中文能力水平估测与教学亦是来华留学教育高水平发展的内涵之一.基于中文作为第二语言的测试与教学现状,清华大学课题组尝试突破现有中文水平测试框架,研发了以"学术情境下的中文能力"为目标的测试体系——清华中文能力水平测试.本文将依次从设计理念、测试依据、试卷报告、质量分析等方面报告该测试的研发理念及研制过程,并对未来全球语境中面向二语者的中文能力测试与教学进行展望.
Natural experiment, as one of the most common quasi-experimental designs, has been applied in language education research outside of China for over 20 years, increasing in both number and topic richness. However, its application is still rare in language education research in China. This study first introduces the natural experiment, including its core concepts, estimation method, data sources and types, robustness check, and extensions. Then we review language education studies that employ natural experiments for causal inferences. These studies fall into nine themes（e.g., teaching method/program, instructional medium, educational support, migrant language policy, tracking, early childhood education and care, and instruction time）. This paper is aimed at promoting interdisciplinary research in language education. It also has implications for education research in general.
卓越工程师是国家战略人才力量,国家卓越工程师学院建设是"卓越工程师教育培养计划"的继续深入推进,其主要目标是培养造就一批国家重大战略急需的高层次卓越工程师.本文聚焦国家卓越工程师学院建设,依次从学院定位、建设目标、培养标准、培养模式、培养方案、课程体系、质量评价等方面进行讨论,旨在为相关高校和央企开展国家卓越工程师学院建设提供参考和借鉴,为推动建设中国特色、世界水平的工程师培养体系提出建议.
Entering the new development stage, we are constantly exploring ways to improve the new national system of core technologies under the conditions of a socialist market economy, and organized scientific research in universities is an important part of it. This paper takes Tsinghua University’s participation in HTGR technology research as an example, summarizes the characteristics of organized scientific research in universities and its mechanism of action in the breakthroughs in core technologies in key fields, refines the local definition of organized scientific research, and discusses its key advantages and the further development direction. The results show that universities take basic research and technological breakthroughs as the main direction in the core technology research, actively target the national strategic frontier, set up an interdisciplinary integrated innovation team, penetrate the deep integration mechanism of “government, industry, academia, research and application”, and focus on the role of party organizations, establish special systems, assume social responsibility, and then serve national demand with high-level scientific research achievements. This research helps to improve the theoretical system of organized scientific, research and provides valuable practical experience and enlightenment for universities to participate in core technology research and major project construction.
Li Zhuobao was a pioneer of higher education research in New China and an important promoter of the discipline construction of higher education in China. As an educational practitioner and researcher, she devoted herself to the construction of socialist universities with Chinese characteristics. Her thoughts on higher education, especially her ideas on higher education research and talent cultivation, still have very important guiding and enlightening significance in the new era. The inner logic of Li Zhuobao’s higher education thoughts were consistently guided by Marxism and deeply rooted in the rich experience of educational practices at Tsinghua University.
青少年心理健康的发展需要有效的政策体系支持,政策文本量化研究能够对现行的校园欺凌防治政策进行详尽分析与评价,为我国后期校园欺凌防治政策的制定、实施、修正和调整提供相关依据.本研究通过采用内容文本挖掘(ROST CM6)及PMC指数构建等研究方法对国家层面出台的55项校园欺凌防治政策构建指标模型,结合PMC指数量化分析结果对校园欺凌防治政策进行实证分析.实证结果显示:校园欺凌防治政策整体发布较为合理,11项政策样本中有5项优秀,6项可接受,优良率占比为100％;11项政策由高到低排序为:P3(6.69)＞P6(6.48)＞P5(6.35)＞P4(6.21)＞P2(6.06)＞P7(5.92)＞P1(5.90)＞P8(5.57)＞P11(5.55)＞P10(5.37)＞P9(4.92).通过Matlab绘制戴布拉图展示政策的优劣性,表明我国校园欺凌防治政策仍存在一些亟待解决的问题:(1)政策性质科学预测不足;(2)政策机构缺乏紧密协同治理机制;(3)激励措施缺乏校园欺凌治理专业人才的培养以及法律保障等内容.
民国大学生的社会阶层来源问题是考察中国教育史中教育与社会流动关系如何演变的关键环节.本文在民国大学生量化数据库(CUSD-ROC)中大学生家庭职业类别数据量化分析结果的基础上,针对民国时期高等教育和中等教育的年均经济支出水平、民国时期城市和乡村的家庭收入结构、民国时期家庭规模等相关问题开展基于历史资料的实证考察,最终对中国近代大学生社会阶层的来源结构与来源主体进行较为合理的推断,本文认为,民国时期能够供养大学生的家庭在整个社会结构中所占的比例很低,这充分反映了民国时期高等教育机会分配机制的不平等.本文将为学界进一步探讨明清以降教育与社会流动关系的复杂历史流变提供必要的参考.
当前数字技术的迅猛发展和国际形势的复杂多变暴露了传统留学生教育系统的脆弱性,留学生教育数字化转型成为国际共识.留学生教育数字化转型是指将数字技术融入到留学生教育各个层面,推动留学生教育发生深刻变革,形成能够适应社会发展需求的良好教育生态的过程,包括应用、融合、全数字化三个阶段.总结世界各国推进留学生教育数字化转型的发展经验,呈现出重视数字化发展战略规划、促进数字基建均衡发展、强调教师数字素养整体提升、支持多元协同治理和国际合作等特征.然而我国在技术、人员和文化转型方面还存在诸多挑战,阻碍留学生教育数字化转型的进程.因此,我国应从顶层设计、数字基建、教师培训和数字化治理等方面谋划发展,提出适宜本土的留学生教育数字化转型的中国方略.
作为有着独特话语逻辑的跨国教育质量测评工具,国际学业评价运动的兴起正深刻影响着各国教育政策走向,也给各国教育治理主权带来了新挑战.研究以国际学生评估项目(PISA)对美国教育舆情的影响为例,尝试解开国际学业评价与民意态度间隐性互动的黑匣子.分析使用美国综合社会调查数据、运用双重差分计量方法,探究PISA对教育舆情的影响,发现美国差强人意的PISA排名大幅降低了公众教育信心,却未提升其对加大公共教育投入的意愿,反而使得公众更加迫切希望减少公共教育开支.鉴于上述潜在影响,我国在日益加深的教育对外开放进程中更须坚持中国特色自立自强的教育对外开放观,重视国际学业评价对教育舆情的隐性干预,构建适应我国国情的教育舆情监测与预警体系.
西方现代教育肇始于神圣性向世俗化的转向,洛克的"白板说"是这一过程中的关键一环."白板说"力图张扬一种世俗化的实践原则,其以人类"趋乐避苦"的倾向为起点,以追求可衡量的、安稳的世俗幸福为目的.在这一理念的指导下,洛克的道德教育不再引导人们朝向一种道德完善的至善目的,而是旨在帮助人们获取一种实用的道德法则,使其能够正确地追求自我利益与荣誉、进而促进生活的便利.因此,洛克的教育学背离了"古典目的论",后者认为,教育的目的或责任是实现人类形式中所隐含的高贵与完美."白板说"一方面为现代教育摆脱宗教狂热,走向启蒙理性奠定了基础,但是另一方面,如何在一个世俗世界重新敞开人类道德的超越性纬度,也是洛克乃至当今教育始终需要回应的一个疑难.
家庭教育、学校教育和社会教育共同作为未成年人教育的现实面向,在推动教育公平的进程中发挥着关键作用.教育公平是社会公平的重要组成部分,而家庭教育作为推进教育公平的有机构成,亦在缩小代际差异的决策中扮演了重要角色.家庭教育可及性与有效性的提高会面对家庭教育落地实施中的诸多障碍,呈现指导性特征的实定规范无法有效解决家庭教育落实中的具体问题.针对家庭教育有效性落实中所面临的现实障碍,可从推进地方实定规范对家庭教育有效性保障衔接、发展非营利性家庭教育服务机构以缩减支出差异、为困境未成年人与留守未成年人享有家庭教育权利提供制度保障等途径予以解决,以此提高家庭教育的可及性与有效性,进而通过家庭教育的有效落实推动教育公平.
由于对教育惩戒权的认知差异,西方两大法系国家对教育惩戒权的法律规制分别采取高权管制模式与私权自治模式.20世纪80年代以来,在尊重教育基本权利与非暴力教养成为全球立法潮流,过度限制惩戒影响教育质量提升等多重社会背景下,西方国家开始引人新公共管理理念,从合法性规制逻辑转向绩效管理逻辑、权利回应逻辑、国家控制逻辑并存的混合规制逻辑.强调学校、教师与学生之间在学关系的法治化;强化教育惩戒权以提升教育质量、落实校园安全,鼓励教师基于专业自主权实施惩戒;通过放管服新政处理好积极惩戒与禁止体罚的关系,这些都成为西方国家教育惩戒权规制变革的趋势.
作为一场政府公权力的"自我革命",我国高等教育领域"放管服"改革的推进,整体上延续了行政性分权的思路.在行政国家的语境下,我国高校自主权的扩大与落实,呈现出政策限定性、缺乏可预期性、有选择性、弱法治化等多重特征.当前,我国高校自主权与政府监管权的行使,都未能完全纳入法治的框架内予以检视,而这严重制约了高校依法自主办学法律制度的实施和运行.在实践中,政府监管职责履行不充分与过度干预高校自主权的问题并存,而高校自主权保障不足和违法行使的情形亦普遍存在.当前,在法治中国建设的时代背景下,亟须将高校办学自主权与行政监管权共同纳入法治轨道.借由外部法治约束与内部自我约束的统一,破解政府"放不下"与高校"接不住"的两难困境,促进政府依法有效监管能力与高校依法有效治理能力的双向提升.
西方高等教育理论的发展脉络为中国高等教育研究的本土化建设提供了可资借鉴的思想资源.在知识特征上,专业化和学术性并重,以美国为代表的西方社会科学理论和定量研究方法是当前高等教育研究的主流理论和主流方法,新自由主义限制了西方高等教育研究的理论创新.在知识来源上,西方高等教育理论可视为一部由重要人物、领军大学、重要文本、重大问题和重要制度构成的知识史.基于此,建设中国特色高等教育话语体系,需要从本土知识来源阐释中国高等教育的内涵与特色,在理论与实践的互动中赋予高等教育理论活力,以客观理性的态度对待西方高等教育理论,同时在"理论的旅行"中建立与西方高等教育话语体系的对话关系.
美国研究型大学能够始终保持雄厚的高等教育实力并处于世界大学发展前列和其拥有顶尖的教师队伍关系密切,而能够吸引和留住人才的薪酬体系是其葆有人才的重要支撑点.美国研究型大学教师整体薪酬较高,教师薪酬支出占学校总支出比例高;教师薪酬存在地域、学科和性别差异;教师薪酬受学校层次、属性和教师职称影响.美国研究型大学奉行薪酬理念先行、依据市场调节、薪酬梯级设置、注重内部公平的薪酬策略.治理体系的影响、管理机制的决定、竞争环境的驱动以及行业协会的规范是影响美国研究型大学教师薪酬制定的重要因素.
为厘清中国农村教育国际学术话语现状、探索话语重塑的机遇与思路,我们对12个社会科学研究领域及学科里国际影响力最高的40种英语国际学术期刊在1978-2022年间发表的173篇中国农村教育相关论文进行内容分析.研究发现,农村教育是国际学界关注中国教育的重要切入点,但中国农村教育仍是国际学界中的边缘议题,我国本土农村教育研究者与实践者在国际学术生产体系中也高度边缘化.虽然2010年以来顶级英语国际学术期刊对中国农村教育的关注度显著提升,但该领域仍面临量化实证研究主导下的范式困境及西方经典社科理论主导下的理论困境.当前国际格局的变动及国内国际对农村发展的重视为中国农村教育国际学术话语重塑创造了前所未有的机遇,我国应通过各级科研基金大力支持农村教育研究并向有理论创新潜力的实证研究倾斜,鼓励高校及科研机构设立农村教育或农村发展主题的国际学术期刊,继续支持国际学术交流与合作.我国教育研究者与实践者也应注重文化自觉与理论自觉,力争基于中国农村教育发展经验与思想资源提出突破西方主流话语的新概念、新范畴、新表达.
在教育惩戒合法化的背景下,进一步认识和界定学校教育中被禁止的体罚,对于维护学生权益、规范和保障教育惩戒权的行使必不可少.本文对日本禁止体罚的立法以及在此问题上立法、司法、行政间的协调互动进行了系统的考察和研究,分析了禁止体罚立法的历史和具体的立法内容,提出了完善我国禁止体罚立法的具体建议:界定体罚概念的内涵;确定体罚的判断标准;列举体罚的形式;区分体罚与相关概念.
