This study integrates the financial productivity improvement in a multi–country, multi–sector Ricardian model to examine its impact on China's position within global value chains (GVC). We also differentiate between the trade elasticities of the financial sector concerning intermediate inputs and final consumption. Through counterfactual analysis, our research reveals a consistent upward trajectory in China's GVC positioning at aggregate and sectoral levels that is attributable to financial productivity improvement. This ascent is facilitated by input–output links and cost-saving effects. The findings validate the significance of financial productivity improvement in advancing China's GVC positioning.

随着对外开放水平的提升以及通信和运输成本的下降,通过生产过程分割进行跨境生产已成为可能,贸易便利化作为隐性壁垒则会对全球价值链分工产生较大影响.基于 2006-2014 年 42 个国家的投入产出数据和贸易便利化数据,在测算出各经济体全球、国内和国际生产阶段数,以及运用熵值法得到各经济体贸易便利化综合指数的基础上,实证检验贸易便利化对生产分割长度的影响效应及内在机制.研究结果表明,贸易便利化水平对各国国内生产阶段数存在显著的抑制作用,对国际生产阶段数存在显著的促进作用,也促进了全球生产阶段数的增加,且该结果具有高度的稳健性.从区分国家类型、行业类型以及贸易便利化细分指标三个方面进行异质性分析,发现贸易便利化对国内、国际和全球生产阶段数的影响程度不同,其机制主要是通过降低中间投入品价格以及提高全要素生产率来实现.

我国服务贸易体量已上升至世界第二位,但目前仍存在相对规模不足与内部结构失衡问题.随着区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)的签订及生效,我国服务贸易将迎来重要发展机遇.实证部分通过匹配RCEP各成员国的服务贸易自由化承诺和服务贸易限制指数(STRI)评估框架,对成员国的服务贸易自由化程度进行量化,并通过结构模型估计了 RCEP签订将导致的我国服务贸易量的变化.模拟结果表明,RCEP将加强我国与各成员国间的服务贸易联系,我国部分关键性行业的服务贸易占比也将得以提高,且服务贸易的增加主要由服务进口带动.

We take cities along the Yangtze River Economic Belt as the research object, measure the regional innovation efficiency of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and empirically test the relationship between the agglomeration of producer services and regional innovation efficiency. The results show that both productive services agglomeration and innovation efficiency show regional imbalance. The agglomeration of productive services can significantly improve innovation efficiency in neighboring cities but negatively impact the local comprehensive technical efficiency. This negative effect can be alleviated by upgrading the industrial structure and increasing financial development.

在全球价值链重构背景下,建设全国统一大市场与主动把握全球价值链重构机遇存在一定的内在逻辑关联.全球价值链重构能够从提供生产片段重组新空间、畅通国际新循环与促进国内要素流动等方面协助全国统一大市场构建,而在全国统一大市场的建设过程中,需求规模扩大、要素流动加强、数字经济发展以及隐性知识溢出等也成为我国实现全球价值链升级的必要条件.此外,结构模型的实证结果显示,以RCEP为代表的区域自由贸易协定的生效能够加速全球价值链重构进程,并促进我国收入水平的提升以及生产成本和价格指数的下降,这将从扩大整体需求规模、强化生产要素流动以及提高企业国际竞争力的角度作用于我国全国统一大市场的建设以及全球价值链的升级过程.

文章通过构建考虑中间品进口关税和企业出口国内增加值率的理论模型,从理论层面分析了中间品贸易自由化促进我国企业出口国内增加值率提升的内在机理.进一步地,文章将2001年中国加入WTO作为准自然实验,采用双重差分法分析发现中间品贸易自由化能够显著促进我国企业出口国内增加值率.此外,研究发现中间品贸易自由化对企业DVAR的影响主要是通过嵌入全球价值链更为上游环节所实现的.异质性分析表明,中间品贸易自由化对东部地区、市场化程度较高地区企业出口国内增加值率的促进效应更为显著.文章为通过进一步拓展对外开放领域以及积极参与全球价值链来提高我国的贸易收益提供了经验证据.

在全球价值链重构背景下,区域经贸关系的持续增强将进一步深化全球价值链的区块化发展趋势.RCEP的签订与生效不仅意味着我国国际经贸关系结构的再调整,也对我国如何在该调整下进行新型全球价值链治理提出了挑战.本文采用上游度指数对RCEP成员国的全球价值链分工位置进行比较,发现相对于其他成员国而言,我国在大部分行业都拥有更高的价值链分工位置与更完备的价值链分工环节,具备进行新型全球价值链治理的一定行业基础.此外,本文还整理了RCEP成员国的关税减让数据,并在多国多行业的一般均衡模型基础上,采用结构模型的方式估计RCEP生效后各成员国的贸易量变动情况.结果表明,RCEP的生效在较大程度上提高了区域内国家间的贸易关联水平,这将为区域价值链的形成与巩固提供一定的贸易关联基础.在区域贸易关系加强的过程中,贸易创造效应和贸易转移效应都起到了重要作用,且由于投入—产出关联的广泛存在,与区外国家价值链合作仍是我国进行新型全球价值链治理的重要组成部分.

宏观的贸易政策不确定性如何影响微观层面的企业全球价值链分工地位是有重要理论意义和实践价值的研究话题.基于中国加入世界贸易组织这一准自然实验,采用双重差分(DID)模型研究了贸易政策不确定性(TPU)变化对我国制造业企业全球价值链分工地位(GVC)的影响及内在的作用机制.研究发现:(1)TPU下降显著促进了中国制造业企业整体GVC水平的提升.(2)相关异质性分析表明,从企业所在经济区域来看,相对于中西部地区的企业而言,TPU下降对东部地区企业GVC的提升效果更显著;从外部融资约束来看,有政府补贴和利息率较低的企业面临TPU下降时企业GVC提升的幅度更大更显著;从企业贸易方式来看,出口企业相对于非出口企业、混合贸易企业相对于其他企业TPU下降对企业GVC的提升效应更显著.(3)TPU下降显著促进了企业进口中间品质量和出口产品质量的下降,TPU下降通过出口产品质量下降这一粗放的扩张方式促进了企业GVC水平的提升,而由此导致的进口中间品质量下降部分抵消了这一提升效应.

Using detailed Chinese manufacturing firm production and trade data from 2000 to 2006, this study finds that offshoring significantly increases firms' average wages. First, using the quasi-natural experiment of China's accession to the World Trade Organization, we investigate how a reduction in offshoring costs affects the manufacturing firm's wages and find that a productivity effect and a job-relocation effect are two possible channels. Second, the dynamic decomposition of industry-level wages indicates that the within-firm effect is 0.547, accounting for 31.5 percent of the total variation. Finally, a Mincer-type regression shows that offshoring also increases within-firm skill premiums. Our findings have strong implications for the government related to framing appropriate industrial policies to raise wages and reduce income inequality.

出口市场多元化是分散外部风险、保证贸易稳定增长的重要途径.以"大学扩招"作为准自然实验,采用倍差法评估了人力资本积累与我国制造业企业出口市场多元化的因果效应及其内在机制.研究发现:(1)人力资本积累显著促进了制造业企业出口市场数量的提升,2000—2006年间企业出口目的国数量的增加14.97％可以用人力资本积累来解释.(2)人力资本积累对企业出口市场数量的促进作用一方面来自于高质量劳动力对企业生产效率的提升,通过"成本效应"促使企业更有能力克服高额的市场进入成本,从而实现出口市场的扩张;另一方面来自于高质量劳动力对企业研发水平的提升,通过"创新效应"提高了企业迎合消费者偏好对产品进行改良升级的能力,从而增强了企业在目标市场的竞争力.(3)人力资本积累对民营企业和高市场化地区企业出口扩张的促进作用更加突出.另外,人力资本积累主要促进制造业企业向发展中国家市场拓展,但对发达国家市场的扩张效果并不明显.上述结论为制造业企业开拓新出口市场,实现出口市场的多元化提供有力的经验证据.

Against the background of the increasing number of large and medium-sized cities and the improvement of the intercity transportation infrastructure, a polycentric urban network is gradually emerging in China. Based on panel data of 23 provinces of China over the period of 1998–2018, the dynamic impact of the polycentric spatial structure on the energy efficiency and the mechanism of this impact are explored in this paper. First, the results reveal that there exists an inverted U-shaped relationship between the polycentric spatial structure and the energy efficiency. Nevertheless, the polycentric spatial structure has not yet reached the optimal level in all provinces. Second, the market integration and factor flow are important paths for the polycentric spatial structure to affect the energy efficiency. Third, the inverted U-shaped impact of the polycentric spatial structure on the energy efficiency is mainly reflected in the eastern and central regions, while the phenomenon is not significant in the western region. Finally, the distances between cities and the level of the transportation infrastructure have significant non-linear moderating effects in the process of the polycentric spatial structure affecting the energy efficiency. These findings provide empirical evidence for the coordinated development of China's regional space planning and energy efficiency.

基于2000-2006年中国工业企业数据库和海关数据库,从进口中间品质量的视角研究了人民币实际有效汇率变动对我国企业全要素生产率的影响.研究结果表明:(1)人民币实际有效汇率、进口中间品质量及二者的交互项均显著为正,即人民币实际有效汇率升值时,企业可通过进口高质量中间品提高全要素生产率水平;(2)企业全要素生产率水平还受企业规模、资本密集度、企业年龄和外商直接投资的影响,企业规模越大、外商直接投资越多,企业全要素生产率水平越高;(3)从分样本回归结果看,人民币实际有效汇率与进口中间品质量对全要素生产率水平的影响,因企业所有制、产品是否出口、贸易方式和进口来源国类型的不同而有所差异.

文章通过建立多产品企业模型,解决了传统异质性企业模型中通常假设每个企业只生产一种产品及不变成本加成定价的问题,主要考察了进口竞争引起的企业内资源再分配.研究表明:无论是单产品还是多产品企业,进口竞争都显著降低了企业出口产品的成本加成定价.一方面,多产品出口企业核心产品的成本加成定价更高,激烈的进口竞争会使企业更多地降低核心产品的成本加成定价;另一方面,进口竞争带来的“促竞争效应”会使企业调整其产品范围,远离核心竞争力的次要产品更可能被删除,从而形成企业内资源的最优化配置.此外,相对于同质化产品而言,替代弹性更小的差异化产品成本加成定价受到进口竞争的影响更小.最后,进口竞争对多产品企业内的资源配置是通过一般贸易进口竞争实现的,这说明只有面向国内市场的产品进口才能够引起企业内部的资源再配置.文章的研究结论对于解释多产品出口企业内产品之间的资源配置与培育企业出口竞争优势具有重要的政策启示.

With the fast growth in China's services in recent years, the percentage of services in China's GDP has increased. The percentage of value added by services in China's GDP reached 51. 6％ in 2016, exceeding the contribution of the next largest industry by 11. 8％. Tremendously large regional imbalances also exist in China. The regional imbalances in China's growth in services, measured by the proportion of services in GDP, the value-added by services and the value-added per capita by services, have become increasingly intense. This paper investigates these regional imbalances from the perspective of the difference between the actual strength and the optimal strength of intellectual property rights protection (IPR).Because services are a vital part of the economy, this paper explains regional imbalances in services using econometric models derived from economic growth theories. An analytical framework is constructed that reveals the mechanisms by which differences between the actual and optimal strengths of IPR affect the regional imbalances in China's growth in services.Both direct and indirect verification are used as an empirical exercise. The impact of differences between the actual strength and the optimal strength of IPR on regional imbalances in China's growth in services is indirectly verified using subsamples of eastern, central and western China. Next, this paper directly verifies this impact by constructing variables capturing the regional imbalances in China's growth in services and the differences between the actual strength and optimal strength of IPR. To resolve the issue of endogeneity in the empirical model, a distance index and the railway density are used as instrumental variables (Ivs). As a robustness check, this paper tests the effect of differences between the actual and optimal strengths of IPR on regional imbalances in China's growth in services with micro-data. This is seldom done in the literature on service economics and contributes to the search for micro-foundations for the regional imbalances in the growth in services. Provincial panel data and micro-data for services are obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook of the Tertiary Industry, the Statistical Yearbook for each province and the WIND Database on China's listed companies.This paper draws three conclusions. 1) IPR promotes growth in whole services and knowledge-intensive services with inversed U-shaped features. China's current actual strength of IPR is below the theoretically optimal strength of IPR.2) Eastern China, central China and western China have different theoretically optimal strengths of IPR and no region has reached its optimal level. 3) The differences between the actual strength and optimal strength of IPR in the three regions account for much of the regional imbalances in China's growth in services. Compared with eastern China, the differences between the actual strength and optimal strength of IPR in central and western China are large, leading these two regions to fall behind eastern China in service growth. Consequently, the three regions can strengthen their IPR, reducing the difference between their actual strength and optimal strength of IPR and promoting growth in services. Furthermore, central China and western China can catch up with eastern China by reducing the difference between their actual strength and optimal strength of IPR, alleviating regional imbalances in China's growth in services.This paper makes three contributions. First, it studies regional imbalance in China's growth in services, a situation that lacks in-depth study by academics despite having long been a puzzle. Second, it analyzes the mechanisms behind the imbalances in growth in services from the unique perspective of differences between the actual strength and optimal strength of IPR. Third, it constructs unique instrumental variables based on a distance index and railway density to resolve endogeneity issues and uses micro-data seldom used in service economics for empirical tests to reduce estimation bias.

运用2008-2015年我国31个省(市、自治区)的动态面板数据,结合GMM估计方法,分析基于产业集聚的中小企业创新对区域经济发展的影响.实证结果表明:中小企业集聚创新带动了区域经济发展,且经济发展存在时间滞后效应;西部中小企业的集聚对区域经济发展具有阻碍作用,中部中小企业对区域经济的贡献度较低,因此中西部地区应充分发挥中小企业集聚创新的驱动作用;区域经济发展水平同时受初始经济发展水平、对外开放程度、就业情况、政府政策、受教育水平和交通条件等因素的影响.未来,我国应继续加强中小企业集聚创新对区域经济发展的驱动作用,在推动区域经济稳步增长的同时注重地区协调发展,重视人才培养和技术引进,形成“产学研政用”共同发展的创新模式.

Using the panel data of Chinese manufacturing industry from 2000 to 2005, this paper attempts to study the impact of imported product diversity on total factor productivity. The results show that: (1) the increase of imported product diversity has a positive effect on total factor productivity of Chinese manufacturing industry; (2) the regression results of subsample shows that the positive effect on capital-intensive industries is stronger than that on labor-intensive industries and technology-intensive industries, but the difference between the latter two is small; (3) the promoting effect on capitalintensive industries and technology-intensive industries is stronger under general trade mode, but the promotion effect on labor-intensive industries is stronger under processing trade mode.

从全球价值链视角探讨行业出口竞争力是近年来国际贸易领域研究的热点之一.借助出口技术复杂度指标对全球价值链分工地位加以测度,研究重点聚焦我国装备制造业,探讨了其国际竞争力的状况以及影响因素.分析表明:我国装备制造业整体仍处于全球价值链中低端地位,但出口技术复杂度的稳步提升则有利于缩小与发达国家差距.对其进一步发展而言,增强外资引进过程中的本土研发投入和改善人力资本状况是重要方面.研究同时揭示相关因素在提升装备制造业国际竞争力中作用的区域异质性特征.

随着互联网金融的迅猛发展,互联网金融行业对于金融人才的需求不断增加,尤其需要大量跨界复合型金融人才.目前,我国的人才储备无法满足互联网金融创新发展的需要.根据针对江苏省互联网金融企业的问卷调查,研究发现江苏互联网金融人才匮乏,高层次复合型人才稀缺,人才培养模式单一.“政学企”三位一体的协同创新机制可以充分发挥各主体的积极作用,构建互联网金融人才生态圈.应发挥财政政策对金融资源的支持和引导作用,完善互联网金融人才的培养模式与引进机制,制定和完善互联网金融人才配套服务制度.通过优化整合“政、产、学、研”资源,不断提升各行业对互联网金融的认识,支持、适应和提升“互联网+”发展创新能力,打造出具有全国影响力的集互联网金融人才培养、政策研习、产业发展战略研究等服务于一体的高端培训平台.

对于我国这样的具有较高外贸依存度的国家来说,优化出口产品结构、提升出口贸易长期竞争力仍然是当前面临的重要挑战.本文基于1998年至2012年我国30个省市的面板数据,以各省市高技术产业出口比重作为考察对象,分别从能够体现金融发展特征的金融效率、金融结构以及金融规模这三个方面考察分析我国东、中、西部地区的金融发展对出口结构的优化作用.实证结果表明,我国各区域金融发展水平的进步有助于出口结构的优化.同时,研究结果显示衡量我国金融发展水平的不同指标对出口结构的优化作用存在显著的区域差异,这为我国各地区制定优化出口结构的政策提供了新的依据.

本文利用中国工业企业数据库和中国海关贸易数据库对接后的2006年企业贸易数据,检验了加工贸易的"生产率悖论"。研究结果发现,加工贸易的"生产率悖论"只得到了部分的数据支持。而生产率对加工贸易企业的出口额有着显著的促进作用,企业生产率水平越高,企业的出口额越高。同时,内资加工贸易企业的生产率提升对企业出口额的促进作用高于外资企业。非参数匹配检验结果证实,在相同的生产率水平下,加工贸易企业与一般贸易企业相比,其出口贸易额更高。我们认为,加工贸易较低的进入固定成本使得企业能够以较低的生产率参与国际贸易。国际生产分工体系所带来的贸易模式有别于传统的一般贸易。