Objective:The study aims to collect information of collaboration needs on medical education from medical universities/colleges in China and ASEAN and provide suggestions for the development of medical education in China and ASEAN countries.Methods:A self-constructed questionnaire survey was adopted to collect data on collaboration intentions, expertise and challenges of the 43 member institutions of China-ASEAN University Consortium on Medicine and Health in medical education in May, 2020. Descriptive statistics was applied for data analysis.Results:In total, 20 Chinese members and 10 ASEAN members completed the survey. The study found that both Chinese and ASEAN universities/colleges were particularly interested in cooperation in curriculum design (14 for China, 8 for ASEAN), cultivation of scientific research ability (17 for China, 7 for ASEAN) and online courses (17 for China, 7 for ASEAN) for undergraduate medical education; cultivation of graduate scientific research ability (18 for China, 9 for ASEAN), graduate exchange (18 for China, 9 for ASEAN), short courses training/workshop (19 for China, 8 for ASEAN) and online courses (14 for China, 7 for ASEAN) for postgraduate medical education; clinical observation/rotation (15 for China, 9 for ASEAN), and youth conference & workshop (18 for China, 7 for ASEAN) as to the forms of student exchange. Besides, both Chinese and ASEAN universities/colleges had expertise in curriculum design for undergraduate medical education (11 for China, 6 for ASEAN), short courses training/workshop for postgraduate medical education (10 for China, 5 for ASEAN), and clinical observation/rotation (10 for China, 5 for ASEAN) for student exchange. More than half of Chinese and ASEAN members believed that they had no challenges in cooperation on medical education.Conclusions:Both Chinese and ASEAN universities/colleges have a strong willingness to conduct international cooperation in many areas of medical education, including online courses and other aspects. However, in certain areas Chinese or ASEAN institutions have a higher willingness to conduct cooperation than their counterpart. They should further explore their advantages and characteristics of both sides in medical education based on mutual interests, deepen cooperation in medical education and finally promote the development of medical education in the region.

Objective:The study aims to gain information on medical research status and cooperative needs of medical universities/colleges from China and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and provide evidence to guide the regional cooperation and development in medical reserach.Methods:A self-constructed questionnaire survey was adopted to collect information on the cooperative intentions, expertise and challenges of the 43 member institutions of China-ASEAN University Consortium on Medicine and Health in medical research.Results:In total, 20 Chinese members and 10 ASEAN members completed the survey. The study found that both Chinese and ASEAN medical universities/colleges were particularly interested in cooperation in academic conferences, multi-center clinical trials and joint research projects /flagship projects, followed by large cohort studies and medical journal/publication. In terms of research priority, both Chinese and ASEAN institutions were very interested in big data, followed by cancer precision medicine; while ASEAN members were more interested in natural drugs and dengue than Chinese ones.Conclusions:Both Chinese and ASEAN medical universities/colleges had strong interest in international cooperation in medical research. They should further explore the advantages and characteristics of both sides in medical research based on the interests of two sides, adopt appropriate scientific research cooperation methods, and establish sound scientific research cooperation mechanism so as to deepen cooperation in medical research, promote the development and improve the outcome of regional medical research, and facilitate the building of a community of common health for mankind.

目的 探索将临床医学+X理念融入学生交流活动的效果和影响,为推进临床医学+X提供建议.方法 围绕临床医学+X理念对活动的内容和形式进行设计,在参与的对象上纳入了非医学专业的学生.采用观察和访谈的方法评价活动的效果.结果 本次活动共计有150名学生参与,其中台湾学生72人,大陆学生78人.活动内容涉及了互联网+、人工智能、虚拟现实、医学人文等多个健康医疗相关的交叉领域.共访谈8名学生,访谈发现,学生对活动的整体安排非常满意,临床医学+X理念的加入让活动内容更加丰富有内涵,加深了学生们对临床医学+X的理解.结论 临床医学+X与学生交流活动的结合使得医学生和非医学生都收获颇丰,学生们在收获专业知识和友谊的同时也开阔了思路和眼界,促进了临床医学+X理念的传播与发展.

Objective To examine the effect of short-term oversea exchange programs (SOEP) on medical humanities education.Methods The data is collected through study reports,questionnaires and interviews of 51 students majored in clinical medicine in Peking University Health Science Center who participated in SOEP in 2017.The data is analyzed by Nvivo 10 and SPSS 18.0 software.Results Totally 92.2％ (47/51) of the students believe SOEP has positive effect on medical humanities education.The medical humanities education effects of SOEP are mainly shown in the following four aspects:enhance patientcentered service concept [88.2％ (45/51)];improve students' communication skills,including skills to communicate effectively and equally with the patient [82.4％ (42/51)];deepen understanding of medical purposes,ethical issues,and health laws etc.[70.6％ (36/51)];consolidate students' spirit to pursuit medical development and human health and happiness [82.4％ (42/51)].Analysis of study reports and interviews showed that SOEP let students understand different medical culture and medical humanity concept,deepen their awareness of patient-centered care;improve their communication skills while facing the challenge of new environment;start thinking seriously about medical purposes,professional morals,ethics,and health laws etc.;learn faith and principles from oversea senior doctors,and strengthen their pursuit of medicine.Conclusions SOEP played a positive role in developing medical students' humanity and educating comprehensive medical talents.

Objective To introduce the role of nonprofit organizations in the administration of medical education in the U.S.as well as their governance structure and administration mechanism and discuss the implications to China.Methods Literature review was conducted to summarize the role of nonprofit organizations in the administration of American medical education,including Association of American Medical Colleges and Liaison Committee on Medical Education.Results Nonprofit organizations play irreplaceable important roles in some key areas of medical education administration in the United States,including admission of student,institution and program accreditation,licensing examination,graduate medical education,and continuing medical education.In terms of governance and management,they usually rely on board of directors for decision making.Meanwhile,medical professionals play an important role in relevant works.Conclusions China should rely on social organizations to strengthen the construction of new administration institutions as well as medical professionals in order to improve administration system and mechanism for medical education.

BACKGROUND The popularity of internet as an area of research has grown manifold over the years. Given its rapid development and increasing coverage worldwide, internet-based interventions seem to offer a promising option to ameliorate huge burdens brought by type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, studies conducted by different researchers have provided contradictory results on the effect of internet-based interventions in glycemic control. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aims to summarize currently available evidence and evaluate the overall impact of internet-based interventions on glycemic management of type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled trials that used glycosylated hemoglobin values as the outcome measure of glycemic control were considered. Risk of bias and publication bias were evaluated. RESULTS Of the 492 studies, 35 were included in meta-analysis, and results indicated that the weighted mean difference (WMD) between usual care and internet-based interventions at endpoint was -0.426% (95% CI -0.540 to -0.312; P<.001). Subgroup analyses revealed that intervention duration ≤3 months yielded optimal performance (WMD -0.51%; 95% CI -0.71 to -0.31; P<.001). Combined mobile and website interventions were substantially superior to solely Web-based and mobile-based interventions in glycemic control (combined WMD -0.77%, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.47; P<.001; Web only: WMD -0.48%; 95% CI -0.71 to -0.24, P<.001; mobile only WMD -0.31%, 95% CI -0.49 to -0.14; P<.001). Furthermore, the effect of interventions with automated feedbacks was similar to those with manual feedbacks, and studies with internet-based educational contents were more effective in glycemic control. The assessment revealed a low risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, utilization of internet-based intervention is beneficial for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and taking full advantage of this type of intervention may substantially reduce the incidence of complications and improve quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42017058032; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=58032 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6yY7eQNHr).

Objective Peking University Health Science Center,together with Keio University,King's College London and Karolinska Institutet developed a cooperative medical research summer school.It integrates the education methods of lectures,lab rotations and visits etc.,which forms a special model.This study aims to analyze and evaluate the effect,prospect and space for further improvement of the summer school.Methods Program documents review and evaluation,interview and questionnaire survey to teachers as well as students who engaged in such program.Results The sum mer school enhances the research cooperation and communication among faculties and students from participating universities;it is highly appraised by participating teachers and students;students are particularly satisfied in the following aspects:gain knowledge and skills in cross-cultural communication,develop global health knowledge,gain knowledge and skills in research,and also enhance the sense of commitment in research.Conclusions The research summer school can improve the postgrad uate education standard,promote scientific cooperation,and improve students' research capacity.However,there are still some space for further improvement,such as improve the recruitment process;enhance the platform support;strengthen the evaluation,feedback and follow up system;further develop the program in depth and breadth.

Problem Clinical and translational research is increasing in China, attracting faculty-to-faculty collaborations between U.S. and Chinese researchers. However, examples of successful institution-to-institution collaborations to facilitate this research are limited. The authors describe a partnership between Peking University Health Science Center (PUHSC) and the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) designed to enable faculty-initiated joint translational and clinical research projects. Approach In 2009, UMMS leadership identified PUHSC as the most appropriate institutional partner, and the Joint Institute for Translational and Clinical Research was established in 2010. Each contributed $7 million for joint research projects in areas of mutual interest. A shared governance structure, four thematic programs (pulmonary, cardiovascular, liver, and renal diseases), three joint research-enabling cores, and processes for awarding funding have been established along with methods for collaborating and mechanisms to share data and biomaterials. Outcomes As of November 2015, 52 joint faculty proposals have been submitted, and 25 have been funded. These projects have involved more than 100,000 patients in the United States and China and have generated 13 peer-reviewed publications. Pilot data have been leveraged to secure $3.3 million of U.S. extramural funding. Faculty and trainee exchanges take place regularly (including an annual symposium), and mechanisms exist to link faculty seeking collaborations. Critical determinants of success include having co-ownership at all levels with coinvestment of resources. Next Steps Each institution is committed to continuing its support with a repeat $7 million investment. Next steps include initiating studies in new clinical areas and pursuing large clinical intervention trials.

Objective To compare the models of receiving overseas exchange students for shortterm clinical rotation in China and other countries,exam Peking University Health Science Center (PUHSC)'s program for receiving oversea exchange students for short-term clinical rotation by using international experiences as a reference,and put forward improving approaches.Methods The data is collected through examination of work-related documents and interview of relevant people;the data is then used to compare the similarities and differences between the models of receiving exchange students for short term clinical rotation in PUHSC and its 22 oversea partner universities.Results PUHSC's program for receiving oversea exchange students for short-term clinical rotation made a good achievement overall,but there are still issues related to program scale,teaching arrangement,application process,program administration,evaluation and accreditation,accommodation arrangement,health and safety etc.PUHSC can learn from international experiences and improve the program through strategies such as set up clinical rotation blocks or terms,clarify application requirements and regulations,establish online application system,include exchange students in the university's students and staffs administration system,improve evaluation and accreditation system,provide more humanistic care,request and exam immunization and health insurance documents so as to strengthen safety management.Conclusions Receiving oversea exchange students for short-term clinical rotation is an important component of medical education internationalization,PUHSC can improve the quality and scale of the program by referencing international experiences.

In the new era of globalization, it has become a trend that health education institutions around the world are collaborating with one another in establishing and advancing collaborative education programs through cooperation, communication, information, and resources sharing. In this chapter, we first present the current main forms and models of collaborative education programs, including degree programs (sandwich, dual degree, joint degree, and others) and nondegree programs (clinical rotation, lab rotation, summer school, international student forums/symposia/workshops). We then discuss the barriers and challenges of advancing collaborative global education programs, which include cultural and language barriers, regulatory differences, financial barriers, unbalanced development among countries/institutions/disciplines, institutional barriers, and personal barriers. And lastly, we discuss the strategies to overcome the barriers and conclude with the future trend of the development.

Objective Examine and evaluate the influences and effects of Short-term Overseas Exchange Program (SOEP) on the medical students' global health capacity development.Methods This study collected data through interview and questionnaire of students participated in SOEP,and review of their exchange reports.The quantitative data was analyzed by using the SPSS 17.0 software.Results SOEP is a useful practice of global health capacity development of medicals students,the effects of which are shown in the following aspects:1.Learn and compare different medical education models; 2.Learn and compare different health care systems and models; 3.Cultivate students' global perspective; 4.Understand the different medical culture and medical humanistic philosophy; 5.Promote personal and career development.Conclusions SOEP has fundamental positive effects on the global health conception and capacities development of medical students.Therefore,SOEP should be promoted,and developed in a healthy,orderly and sustainable manner.

Objective To introduce the new model and management experience of receiving overseas exchange students for short-term clinical clerkship, evaluate the effect of this clerkship on students’ personal growth and career development, find out the existing problems in this program and put forward improving approaches. Methods The data is collected through examination of work-related documents, questionnaires and interviews; the data is then analyzed by using Nvivo10 and SPSS18 software. Results PUHSC adopted the supervision and students volunteer assistance system for receiving overseas exchange students to do clinical clerkships, which solves the problem of language barrier, study guidance, daily life challenge etc quite well. The visiting students are general happy with the program, and think it plays a positive role in areas such as developing their global view and guiding students’ personal growth etc. However, there are still some problems in the program management. Conclusions Receiving oversea exchange students for short-term clinical clerkship in China is an important part of the internationalization of medical education. It is worthy to exam the program, and take effective measures to address the existing issues in order to keep the sustainable development of this program. The improving measures may include: setting up a database of exchange students, long-term funding support, establishing strict applying procedure and management system, providing effective support etc.

With the development of the cross-strait medical student exchange program,both the program management mechanism and the design of the activities are evolving and improving.The medical students from both sides,with the same culture and professional background,established a friendship and mutual trust,as well as broadened their vision through communication,and better investigated the challenges facing the medical education and health system from different perspectives.The purpose of this article is to analyze the model of this program in terms of the expectation and effect of the program,program management mechanism,and the design of program activities,by using the methods of interviews,questionnaires,and observation.

In order to find the best way to reform medical English teaching,the authors carried out a questionnaire investigation in 714 clinical medicine-major undergraduates on their needs of medical English learning.The needs analysis shows that these clinical medicine college students have a clear purpose for medical English learning but are weakly motivated for medical English learning; they have a stronger need to improve their reading,listening,speaking,and writing ability in medical English but a weaker one for translation.They have also shown preferences for different aspects in the teaching set-up of the medical English course.

本文概述了2000年以来北京大学医学部各类本科生短期境外交流项目的情况,分析了项目对培养医学生全球视角所产生的积极作用.对比国际相关经验,指出项目存在的不足之处并提出改进方案,期望对医学生全球卫生能力建设的研究及项目管理者有借鉴意义.

Overseas exchange of medical students,also called overseas clinical electives,is an inevitable trend of the internationalization of medical education,one of the most important ways to develop capacity in problem-solving for global health as well as a necessary complement to medical education.This paper outlines the meaningful role played by the electives in becoming better clinicians based on the student feedbacks worldwide.It analyses the status quo and existing problems in the implementation of the electives in accordance with the experiences of Peking University Health Science Center.It presents some corresponding approaches to the problems.It aims to help the sustainable development of the electives.

This paper outlines the background of the initiation of MD-PhD Program as well as the evaluation of such program abroad.It analyses the prospects and existing problems of the combined MD-PhD program in China based on the experiences of Peking University Health Science Center.It aims to provide some suggestions for medical education reform in China and some advice for medical students with the ambition to be the nation' s future medical leaders.

The paper makes an empirical study on the use of language learning strategies in an online multimedia environment by a group of medical undergraduate students. A survey was administered to 238 medical undergraduate students from Peking University Health Science Center. The findings of the research suggest that the overall situation of learning strategy use by this group of Chinese college students is not satisfactory, and the least frequently employed strategies are social and affective strategies. The study also shows statistically significant differences between higher achievers and lower achievers in cognitive,memory and compensation strategy uses in general, and some sub-category strategy uses in particular. Suggestions are discussed for further improvement of online language instruction and learning strategy training.

In recent years, there are far from sufficient empirical researches carried out to provide guidelines on how to carry out formative evaluation in English teaching. This paper studies the experimental implementation of formative evaluation in college English teaching for non-English majors in Peking University Health Science Center, hoping to contribute to the improvement of evaluation forms in college English teaching and learning.

专业英语教学日益受到重视,但又是大学英语教学中的难点.北京大学医学部利用计算机与网络,在这个领域进行了实践和探索.我们从2000年9月起以临床医学院三、四年级作为试点开设专业英语课,授课中大量运用CALL(计算机辅助语言教学),取得了一定成效,但也发现了一些问题.希望我们的探索能为专业英语教学提供借鉴.