[目的]筛选综合评价马铃薯品种的最优方法,为生产上推广应用提供参考.[方法]采用灰色关联度分析法和DTOPSIS法,对安顺市农业科学院从中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所引进的11个马铃薯品种的13个性状进行综合评价.[结果]2种分析方法均能对品种进行较全面的评判,但2种方法的综合评判结果存在差异;在赋予相同权重的情况下,利用灰色关联度分析法得出品种加权关联度间差异在0.00％～35.34％,而DTOPSIS法得出品种间品种与理想解的相对接近度值差异在0.00％～56.79％,说明用DTOPSIS法分析可供选择的变异范围更广,更能体现品种间差异和反映品种优劣,比灰色关联度分析法更适合用于马铃薯品种的综合评价.中薯早37号、中薯26号、中薯早34号3个品种在2种评价方法中排名靠前,即综合性状表现较好.[结论]在马铃薯品种综合评价时选用DTOPSIS法比灰色关联度分析法更适合;在11个马铃薯品种中,中薯早37号、中薯26号、中薯早34号的综合性状表现较好,可作为当地推广品种或后续试验参试品种考虑.

魔芋(Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch),又名蒟蒻,属天南星科魔芋属多年生宿根草本植物.魔芋是唯一大量富含葡甘聚糖的重要经济作物,被广泛应用于食品工业中[1],其含有的葡甘聚糖具有优越的保健价值,鉴于目前人们对减肥、减脂需求的日益增长,魔芋的市场潜力巨大[2].近年来,随着产业结构的调整,魔芋种植面积不断扩大,对魔芋种子的需求也越来越大,但由于长期采用分株、切块等传统无性繁殖方式,导致繁殖系数低,生长周期长,种性退化严重,加之大面积种植过程中病害严重,尤其是软腐病、白绢病等大面积流行,导致魔芋产量大幅下降甚至绝收,给种芋繁育和魔芋生产带来了巨大风险,严重影响了魔芋产业的健康可持续发展.贵州作为魔芋生长最适宜的地区之一,拥有丰富的魔芋品种资源,鲜芋品质优良[3],但贵州魔芋研究起步晚,技术力量薄弱,发展初期缺乏合理规划和成熟配套栽培技术指导,盲目发展大面积种植基地,种芋采购量大,质量良莠不齐,导致魔芋大面积生产中病害发生严重;规范化生产程度低,商品芋产量低、品质差,加之深加工生产技术设备落后等问题凸显,在市场单价低迷的情况下严重挫伤了农民的种植积极性.

紫云红芯薯是贵州省安顺地方特色甘薯品种,为地理标志商标,是安顺市农业产业结构调整的主要作物之一,薯块细长均匀、表皮光滑,营养丰富、口感佳、品种优,市场前景好,一直畅销省内外,但由于常年无性繁殖,加上栽培技术落后,病虫害防治意识淡薄,导致品种混杂、品质退化,商品性差、病虫害严重等.2010年以来开始针对紫云红芯薯组培脱毒及原原种繁育技术进行系统研究,旨在恢复和提高紫云红芯薯优良种性,建立紫云红芯薯种薯繁育技术体系,为发展安顺市特色优势产业,助力乡村振兴提供科技支撑.

甘薯对贮藏温度十分敏感,为探究短期冷热处理对红薯贮藏期间商品性变化的影响,以紫云红芯红薯为试验材料,经过4d的28℃短期热处理和4℃冷处理后放入温度120C、空气相对湿度80％～85％的新型贮藏窖里恒温恒湿贮藏105d,定期监测甘薯在贮藏过程中的总质量损失率、干率、硬度、烂薯率、发芽率等.结果表明:经过短时间的热处理可降低紫云红芯红薯贮藏期间烂薯率,有利于减少贮藏后期水分及干物质损失,但不能解决紫云红芯红薯在贮藏过程中发芽的问题.因此,虽然短期热处理在紫云红芯红薯的贮藏保鲜上有一定的潜在应用价值,但还需要与其他处理方法相结合来降低发芽率.

The fruit body of Lepista sordida cultivated with main substrate of tea tree sawdust was used as the experimental samples. The FAO/WHO pattern and amino acid ratios coefficient method were used to evaluate sample from the aspects of mineral and amino acid nutrition. The results showed that the sample is rich in Fe, Zn, Se and various amino acids, of which the Fe content was as high as 388 mg·kg-1. Except for As, which was slightly higher than the limit of As contaminants in edible fungi, the contents of Cd and Pb were all within the limits of standards. Umami amino acid＞sweet amino acid＞aromatic amino acid among the six flavor amino acid contents. Among them, the umami amino acid（Asp+Glu） accounts for 58.37%. By further analysis showed that the value of EAA/TAA was 0.31, and the EAA/NEAA was 0.46, which were all lower than the high-quality protein standard proposed by FAO/WHO. Thr and Lys were relative excess, Ile was the first limiting amino acid of thesample, the score of ratio coefficient of amino acid in the sample was 78. Although there was a gap between the sample and the model spectrum standard of the amino acids, they met the nutritional needs basically.

腐烂、干瘪是造成红薯贮藏期间商品品质和种薯质量下降的主要因素,研究了不同浓度二氧化氯对紫云红芯红薯贮藏品质的影响,结果表明:相对于清水对照,不同浓度二氧化氯处理均能极显著降低紫云红芯红薯烂薯率,减少贮藏期间的贮藏损失,具有较好的防腐效果,其中以12％二氧化氯片剂5000倍液的防腐效果最佳.二氧化氯处理加快紫云红芯红薯的重量损失,在贮藏前期差异不显著,贮藏后期差异显著.

[Objective]The effects of different agents combinations of chlorphopham(CIPC),carvone and chlorine dioxide(ClO2)on the storage of sweet potato were explored to provide the scientific basis for its application in the production.[Method]Taking chlorine dioxide(ClO2)as the preservative,and carvone and CIPC as the bud inhibitor in the experiment,the effects of different combinations[non-preservative+non-bud inhibitor(A1B1),non-preservative+carvone(A1 B2),non-preservative+CIPC(A1B3),ClO2+non-bud inhibitor(A2B1),ClO2+carvone(A2B2)and ClO2+CIPC(A2B3)]on the storage of sweet potato were studied by two-factor experiment with randomized block design.[Result]With the prolonging of the storage,the germination rate of Ziyun red core sweet potato under six treatments showed an increasing trend.The germination rate of all treatments(except A2 B2)on 90 d was 1.23％-25.43％,among which A1B3 was the highest,A2B3was the lowest.The germination rate of all treatments on 105 d and 120 d was 2.97％-37.17％and 10.57％-62.03％,among which A1B3 was the highest,A2 B2 and A2B3were the lowest.The germination rate of all treatments on 135 d was 18.17％-100.00％,among which A1B1was the highest,A2 B2 was the lowest.Applying preservative could effectively inhibit weight loss rate and decay rate of sweet potato,while the effects of applying bud inhibitor were not obvious.When the Ziyun red core sweet potato were stored on 135 d,the average weight loss rate of different treatments was 27.72％-41.56％,following A1B1＞A1B3＞A1B2＞A2B2＞A2B1＞A2B3;The average decay rate was 11.00％-39.67％,following A1B1＞A1B2＞A1B3＞A2B1=A2B3＞A2B2.[Conclusion]During the storage period,the combined application of ClO2 and carvone could effectively inhibit the germination of tubers,reduce the weight loss rate of tubers and delay the deterioration of quality.ClO2 had good preservative effect and could be used in actual production.

The planting of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) in Guizhou Province has gradually increased, and the area under cultivation ranks third in China. However, the cultivation and production of passion fruit is severely affected by viral diseases. In 2021 and 2022, we investigated the occurrence of multiple viral diseases in major cultivation areas, identified the main viruses and conducted field surveys in different growing areas of passion fruit in Guizhou Province, China. In total, 308 samples were randomly collected from 10 different passion fruit cultivation areas, and seven viral diseases were identified using electron microscopy, small RNA sequencing, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Among them, the infection rate of Telosma mosaic virus (TeMV) was the highest (50%), followed by East Asian Passiflora virus (EAPV) (19%), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (15%). The detection rates of the other four viruses were lower: Passiflora latent virus (PLV) (1%), turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) (0.6%), Passiflora virus Y (PaVY) (0.3%), and Euphorbia leaf curl virus (ELCV) (6%). In addition, high rates of mixed TeMV + CMV + EAPV infections were found in the province. Notably, 79% of EAPV-infected plants were also infected with TeMV. Finally, the molecular characteristics of the two highly detected potyviruses, TeMV and EAPV, were analyzed. To our knowledge, this study is the first systematic survey of viral diseases of passion fruit in Guizhou Province, China.

甘薯在贵州农产品消费市场上具有重要的份额,筛选出适宜贵州生态气候条件、土壤条件的甘薯品种具有重要意义.试验通过从省内外收集多个兼用型甘薯品种进行田间试验,调查和比较不同品种生物学性状和农艺性状特征,通过对不同品种甘薯的产量及薯干率聚类筛选发现,SC30、福薯7-6、商薯19、红优和徐紫薯8号5个品种的产量和薯干率较高,具有匍匐株型,浓绿叶色,最长蔓长和中等分枝数等特征.

以采自贵州省安顺市镇宁自治县的野生翘鳞香菇(QL-1)为试材,采用子实体形态学和菌丝ITS序列分析法进行鉴定,研究了不同温度、pH、碳源、氮源、维生素、无机盐.和栽培基质对菌丝生长的影响,以期优化野生翘鳞香菇培养基和栽培基质,为进一步开发应用提供参考依据.结果表明:QL-1菌株为翘鳞香菇(Lentinus squrrosulus),培养的最佳温度为30℃,最适pH为5～6;最佳碳氮源分别为果糖和酵母提取物,菌丝生长速度最快,为1.07 cm·d-1和0.81 cm·d-1;添加麦芽糖和硝酸铵,菌丝的浓密度最佳;培养基中添加适量的维生素B1、维生素B6、硫酸锰和氯化钙能有效促进菌丝生长;在栽培基质中添加20％的玉米芯有助于菌丝体生长.

为了探索榆黄菇菌丝生长的最佳条件,对榆黄菇菌丝生长的最适温度、pH值、培养基、碳源、氮源和光照条件进行了筛选.结果表明:榆黄菇菌丝生长的最适温度为25℃,最适pH值为6～7,最适培养基为PDA培养基,最适碳源为葡萄糖和蔗糖,最适氮源为硝酸钾,最适光照条件为黑暗.

[目的]分析马铃薯间作玉米模式下马铃薯生长、产量及糖类物质的变化情况,为促进马铃薯与玉米合理间作模式的推广应用提供参考.[方法]采用田间试验方法,设马铃薯单作(对照)和间作(2行马铃薯间作2行玉米)2种栽培模式,结合田间观测与室内测定,分析马铃薯间作玉米对马铃薯生长、产量和糖类物质的影响.[结果]与马铃薯单作相比,马铃薯间作玉米模式下马铃薯的茎粗、单株主茎数、单株匍匐茎和单株根干物质重量及单株结薯数无显著变化(P>0.05),但间作可提高马铃薯单株分枝数、单株匍匐茎数、单株小叶叶片数、单株叶面积、单株茎叶和单株块茎的干物质重量,并显著提高马铃薯的株高、单薯重、单株产量及复合产量(P<0.05,下同).随着间作时间的延长,间作马铃薯叶片、匍匐茎和块茎中糖类物质均有不同程度的降低,其中对叶片的影响较大,间作马铃薯叶片的蔗糖、果糖、可溶性糖和淀粉含量在块茎增长期和淀粉积累期均显著低于单作.[结论]与马铃薯单作相比,马铃薯与玉米2:2行比间作模式下,马铃薯具有一定的生长优势,复合产量显著提高,该间作模式可在实际生产中推广应用.

[目的]探明不同杀菌剂对马铃薯疮痂病的防治效果,为防治马铃薯疮痂病提供安全有效的杀菌剂.[方法]采用纸碟法与田间随机区组试验相结合,研究53.8％氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂、20％噻菌铜悬乳剂及47％春雷·王铜可湿性粉剂等7种杀菌剂对马铃薯疮痂病的防治效果.[结果]相对于空白对照(清水)和杀菌剂对照(80％多菌灵可湿性粉剂),53.8％氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂、20％噻菌铜悬乳剂、47％春雷·王铜可湿性粉剂、33％春雷·喹啉铜悬浮剂、3％中生菌素可湿性粉剂、3％噻霉酮微乳剂和72％硫酸链霉素可溶性粉剂均能极显著地抑制链霉菌的生长和降低马铃薯疮痂病田间发病程度,抑制率为51.88％～57.19％;53.8％氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂和20％噻菌铜悬乳剂能极显著提高马铃薯产量,33％春雷·喹啉铜悬浮剂和47％春雷·王铜可湿性粉剂能显著提高马铃薯产量,3％噻霉酮微乳剂、72％硫酸链霉素可溶性粉剂和3％中生菌素可湿性粉剂对马铃薯产量的影响不显著.[结论]生产上可选择53.8％氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂、20％噻菌铜悬乳剂、33％春雷·喹啉铜悬浮剂和47％春雷·王铜可湿性粉剂交替或混合使用防治马铃薯疮痂病.

为提高试管苗品质,优化马铃薯脱毒继代培养,以延薯4号脱毒苗为试验材料,选用6-BA(0.5、1.0、1.5mg/L)、水杨酸(0.2、0.4、0.6mg/L)和油菜素内酯(0.01、0.10、1.00mg/L)处理试管苗,以不添加生长调节剂为对照,研究3种生长调节剂对马铃薯试管苗生长形态特征、叶绿素含量、根活力、移栽后幼苗成活率及结薯特性的影响,结果显示,3种生长调节剂均能在一定程度上增加株高、茎粗、鲜重、平均根长、根条数和叶片数,6-BA、水杨酸和油菜素内酯分别在1.0mg/L、0.4mg/L和1mg/L处理时促进效果较好,叶绿素含量、根活力以及移栽后幼苗成活率和结薯特性均较好,且在水杨酸浓度为0.4mg/L时,试管苗生长最好,移栽后成活率最高,结薯特性较好,是最适壮苗培养基.

蔬菜含有丰富的维生素C、胡萝卜素及矿物质(钾、钙、镁、铁等),已成为人们日常饮食中必不可少的食物之一[1].蔬菜产业已从昔日的"家庭菜园"逐步成为农业农村经济发展的支柱产业[2].因其周期短、见效快,是当前农业产业结构调整的重要支柱产业之一,深受老百姓欢迎.2018年贵州省蔬菜种植面积达1500 万亩(100 万hm2),大白菜、萝卜、茄子以及区域性的山药、生姜、韭黄等蔬菜在国内市场销售中占了重大比例[3].

对采自贵州省安顺市两株野生鸡腿菇(MT-1、MT-2)进行了形态及ITS序列分析鉴定,生物学特性初步研究和覆土栽培试验.结果 表明:MT-1、MT-2与鬼伞属的毛头鬼伞最大同源性高,为100％、99.38％;两菌株菌丝生长最适氮源、碳源分别为蛋白胨、甘露醇;MT-1最适pH为5～7,MT-2最适pH为7;两菌株菌丝最适生长温度均为25℃;光照对菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用,菌丝体在黑暗条件下长势最好;覆土栽培结果表明:MT-1、MT-2生物学效率分别为73.78％、54.54％.

以贵州铜仁地区卷丹百合为材料,研究不同激素组配对卷丹百合不同外植体扩繁以及不同脱毒方法对卷丹百合脱毒效果的影响,以建立最佳的卷丹百合脱毒和组培快繁技术.结果表明:外植体用75％的乙醇浸泡30 s后,再用10％次氯酸钠消毒20 min,达到40％的最低污染率;内层鳞片和茎芽是卷丹百合组培快繁外植体的最佳选择;26℃和45℃交替热处理1个月后,剥取0.3～0.8 mm茎尖的脱毒效果最好,达到最低30％的污染率和最高70％的成活率;最适初代诱导培养基是MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L-1+NAA 1.0 mg·L-1,诱导率最高达86.67％;最适增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 0.1 mg·L-1+NAA 0.5 mg·L-1,增值率、增殖倍数均最高,达80％、4.88;最适生根结鳞茎培养基为MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L-1+IBA 0.5 mg·L-1,生根率达100％.

在马铃薯试管薯诱导的过程中,蔗糖浓度、温度和光照强度对试管薯的诱导形成具有较大影响.本试验通过研究不同蔗糖浓度、温度和光照强度对马铃薯试管薯诱导效果的影响,旨在筛选出一步法诱导最适的蔗糖浓度、温度和光照强度,用于指导马铃薯试管薯的工厂化生产.结果表明:在试管薯诱导培养过程中,控制蔗糖浓度60-80g·L-1、温度18-20℃ 、光照强度80-100μm o l·m-2·s-1时,能获得一个较好的马铃薯试管薯结薯数和结薯重,以蔗糖浓度为60 g·L-1,温度18℃,光照强度为80μmol·m-2·s-1和蔗糖浓度60 g·L-1,温度20℃,光照强度为100μmol·m-2·s-1的诱导4周后,黑暗诱导4周的诱导效果最佳.

马铃薯晚疫病是制约贵州省安顺市马铃薯产业发展的重要因素之一,每年使马铃薯减产20％～50％.为筛选出对马铃薯晚疫病防效较好的药剂,试验引进7种杀菌剂在田间进行药效试验,对其防治效果进行评价.结果表明,相对于清水对照,80％烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、10％氟噻唑吡乙酮可分散油悬浮剂、250 g/L嘧菌酯悬乳剂和50％氟啶胺悬乳剂能够极显著降低马铃薯晚疫病发病程度;10％氟噻唑吡乙酮可分散油悬浮剂能够极显著提高马铃薯产量,80％烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂显著提高马铃薯产量.在马铃薯种植过程中,建议使用80％烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、10％氟噻唑吡乙酮可分散油悬浮剂、250 g/L嘧菌酯悬乳剂和50％氟啶胺悬乳剂防治马铃薯晚疫病.

通过研究4种杀菌剂对马铃薯青枯病和疮痂病的田间药效,筛选出对马铃薯青枯病和疮痂病防治效果较好的杀菌剂,同时研究比较2个马铃薯品种在青枯病、疮痂病和产量间的差异.试验结果表明:相对于药剂对照,72％硫酸链霉素可溶性粉剂、20％噻菌铜悬乳剂和53.8％氢氧化铜水分散粒剂均能极显著地降低马铃薯青枯病发病病级和提高马铃薯产量,72％硫酸链霉素可溶性粉剂、20％噻菌铜悬乳剂、53.8％氢氧化铜水分散粒剂和47％春雷·王铜可湿性粉剂均能极显著地降低马铃薯疮痂病发病病级.兴佳2号青枯病发病病级极显著低于费乌瑞它,兴佳2号疮痂病发病病级和产量极显著高于费乌瑞它.