随着地理课程改革的深入发展,许多地理教师的教学方式观念也发生了转变,逐渐意识到自主、合作、探究式学习的重要性.教师作为课堂的引领者,需采取合适合理的教学模式提升学生的地理兴趣,培养学生的地理核心素养.本文以"地球的圈层结构"为例,探讨自主合作探究学习方式在高中地理教学中的应用.

评价的目的是了解学生的地理学习状况,具有诊断和激励作用.有效的评价手段和方法是教师反思和改进教学的有效手段,文章以"花江喀斯特峡谷研学旅行"为例,将PTA量表法的理念和方法引入研学旅行的三个环节中,不断优化研学过程,提升研学效果.

地理学科以其特有的实践性而区别于其他学科,依据《系辞》中"仰以观于天文,俯以察于地理"就证明了地理源于观察和实践的事实.《普通高中地理课程标准》(2017年版2020年修订)更是提出了"地理实践力"核心素养,体现了地理学科的育人价值,也是达成"立德树人"教育根本任务的重要基石.当前,中学生地理实践力的培养策略问题亟待解决.文章围绕杜威"从做中学"理念对中学生地理实践力的培养策略进行研究,目的在于让中学生感受到多元化的课堂学习形式,将抽象难懂的知识转化为形象直观内容,激发中学生对于地理学习的兴趣,培养中学生的地理实践力.

问题设置是课堂推进的主要方式之一,《普通高中地理课程标准(2017年版)》明确提出要重视问题式教学且强调学生高阶思维的培养.文章以问题式教学与高阶思维培养的关系认识为基础,明确了高阶思维培养是新时代教育教学改革的需要,并以一节课例为研究对象,剖析了基于高阶思维培养的高中地理课堂教学中问题设置的要求与特点,从中得到系列有益启示.

教学设计反映教师教学逻辑,是课堂实施的预设和安排.基于教学逻辑,以人教版必修第二册“服务业区位因素及其变化”为例,提出了以乡土案例探究为主线的教学设计,旨在通过在熟悉的情境中培养学生的区位因素分析能力,培养学生的综合思维素养.

To study species composition and structure of a forest community, the type of community member was determined based on community survey data in 26 sampling areas. Then an analysis on species composition and floral elements of the forest community, which grew in the paleo-stone stream of eastern the Liaoning mountainous region, was made. Also, the main characteristics of tree species in three forest types (deciduous broadleaf forest, mixed broadleaf-conifer forest, and dark coniferous forest) were researched. Results showed that (1) vascular plant species of 60 families, 107 genera, and 143 species in the forest community of the paleo-stone stream including 10 families, 12 genera, and 15 species of fern; and 50 families, 95 genera, and 128 species of spermatophyte. Only Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Liliaceae had more than ten species of spermatophyte. The forest community had vascular plants in the tree layer (32 species), in the shrub layer (45 species), and in the herb layer (83 species) with four species in the outer layer. (2) For the main characteristics of tree layer species in a deciduous broadleaf forest, the importance value of Tilia amurensis was 26.31%, Quercus mongolica was 15.71%, Acer mono was 11.27%, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum was 9.37%, Fraxinus mandshurica was 9.08%, and Carpinus cordata was 8.65% with the rest of the tree species' importance values ranging from 0.11% to 2.94%. In the mixed broadleaf-conifer forest, the importance value of Tilia amurensis was 19.71% and Abies nephrolepis was 14.87% with the rest of the tree species' importance values ranging from 0.28% to 7.25%. In the dark coniferous forest, the importance value of Abies nephrolepis was 56.18% with the rest of the tree species' importance values ranging from 0.17% to 8.91%. There was a high number of cosmopolitan species and north temperate species of the paleo-stone stream, and the families of monotypic genera in tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer were obvious. The constructive species and co-edificato species in the three forest types were also obvious.

递进式设问是地理试题命制中常见的设问方式,这种设问方式着重考查学生逻辑思维和学科知识的完整性,有利于检验其知识掌握程度.但是学生如果解答初始问题时遇到障碍,则会影响后绪问题的作答,久而久之就会形成对跟随问题的惧怕心理,最后可能会主动放弃此类问题,这就是习得性无助心理的体现.因此,在试题命制过程中如何规避习得性无助陷阱是对命题人命题艺术的考验.

基于辽东山区古石河森林群落26个样方的调查数据,对该区域落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林和暗针叶林内乔木层种类的胸径(DBH)和树高(H)的分布状况进行了统计和分析,并采用径级代替龄级的方法对3种林型森林群落内乔木种群的径级结构进行了分析;在此基础上探讨了辽东山区古石河森林群落的演替趋势.结果表明:落叶阔叶林乔木层的小径级(5.0 cm≤DBH<15.0 cm)和中径级(15.0 cm≤DBH<45.0 cm)植株所占比例分别为48.3％和49.9％,而针阔混交林和暗针叶林乔木层的中径级植株所占比例分别为61.9％和69.8％,3种林型森林群落内乔木层的大径级(DBH≥45.0 cm)植株所占比例均低于5.0％.落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林和暗针叶林乔木层的高大(8 m≤H<24 m)植株所占比例分别为67.1％、83.7％和91.9％,较高(4 m≤H<8 m)植株所占比例分别为29.2％、12.7％和7.4％,而矮小(H<4 m)和超高(H≥24 m)植株所占比例均低于3.0％.从径级结构看,落叶阔叶林内乔木种类有30种(包括亚种和变种,下同),包括扩展种15种、隐退种9种、稳定侵入种5种和随机侵入种1种;针阔混交林内乔木种类有27种,包括扩展种12种、隐退种13种、稳定侵入种1种和随机侵入种1种;暗针叶林乔木种类有19种,包括扩展种6种、隐退种10种和稳定侵入种3种,但无随机侵入种.研究结果显示:现阶段,辽东山区古石河森林群落处于相对稳定的状态,且3种林型森林群落均处于向顶级群落演替的后期阶段,能够对该地区的古石河冰缘地貌环境起到很好的稳定和整合作用.

In this study we adopt single factor pollution index and potential ecological risk index model to evaluate the contents of heavy metal elements Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb and As in the soil of tidal flat wetland along the southeast coast of Liaodong peninsula.Furthermore,we analyze pollution levels and potential ecological risks.The results show that:The mean values of six heavy metals in study area soil are 93.6,75.6,28.9,79.7,35.6 and 12.6mg/kg,respectively.T he average pollution in-dexs of the six heavy metal elements are 0.96,1.94,0.91,0.80,0.69 and 0.84.From the big to small order Ni > Cr > Cu > As>Zn>Pb,indicating that Ni elements is the moderate pollution and the Cr and Cu elements are mild pollution.The average values of the potential ecological risk factors of the 6 heavy metals are 3.12,12.60,2.89,1,7.13 and 8.39.The comprehensive potential ecolog-ical risk index is 35.12.This indicates that it has the threat of a slight potential ecological risk of each heavy metal element and 6 kinds of heavy metal elements are slightly integrated into the threat of potential ecological risk in the study area.

Based on the community survey in 48 sampling areas,we use the samples to signify the comprehensive state,and the species importance values as the state index of niche instrumentation.We employ Levins and Schoener indices to study niche breadth and niche overlaps of three layers of arbor,shrub and herb in paleo-periglacial areas of Mt.Laotudingzi,eastern Liaoning mountainous region.The results show:(1) In the arbor layer,the niche breadth of Abies nephrolepis,Tilia amurensis,Acer barbinerve,Betula ermanii and Picea jezoensis var.komarovii are much larger than that of others,among them,the Abies nephrolepis is the generalized arbor seed,and Tilia amurens& is the constructive species of forest community below 800 m,while the Acer barbinerve,Betula ermanii and Piceajezoensis var.komarovii are the constructive species of forest community above 800 m.The value of niche overlap between Abies nephrolepis and Picea jezoensis var.komarovii is as high as 0.616,showing that these species had similar biological characteristics,and adapted to each other in the long-term process of communities succession,which formed an optimal survival state in the dark coniferous forest.(2) In the shrub layer,the niche breadth of Actinidia kolomikta,Lonicera subhispida,Euonymus macropterus and Syringa velutina are larger than that of others,which has already evolved into the generalization plants of the deciduous broad-leaved forest and mixed needle-and broad-leaved deciduous forest.The values of niche overlaps between Actinidia kolomikta and Lonicera subhispida,Syringa velutina,Euonymus macropterus,Euonymus pauciflorus range from 0.515 to 0.610,which have high similarity of demand for environmental resources between all these species.(3) In the herb layer,the niche breadth of Aegopodium alpestre,Meehania urticifolia,Oxalis corniculata,Circaea alpine are larger than that of others,which has already evolved into the generalization plants.The value of niche overlaps between Aegopodium alpestre and Meehania urticifolia is as high as 0.702,and the values between Oxalis corniculata and Circaea alpine,Spuriopimpinella brachycarpa and Aegopodium alpestre,Spuriopimpinella brachycarpa and Phlomis maximowiczii are from 0.556 to 0.580.(4) The niche overlaps between major populations were quite common,but the overlap degree of species was relatively less,part of the species niche even separated completely,which shows that it is not so fierce for the major plant populations to compete for the same environmental resources.

为给碧流河下游农田土壤的可持续利用提供参考依据,基于实验测试数据,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法及潜在生态危害指数法,对碧流河下游水貂养殖区的农田土壤重金属污染状况进行分析评价.结果表明:碧流河下游农田土壤重金属元素Cr、Ni、Zn、Cu、As和Pd含量的平均值均超出辽宁省土壤背景值;6种重金属元素的单因子污染指数依次为Ni>Zn>Cu>Cr>As>Pd;农田土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数为3.99,农田土壤整体处于重污染水平;6种重金属元素的潜在生态危害指数依次为Ni>As>Cu>Pd>Zn>Cr,潜在生态危害综合指数为49.4—196.6,平均值为132.6,农田土壤整体表现为轻微生态危害.农田土壤中Ni、Cr和Cu的累积可能主要来源于碧流河流域的工、农业排放物和水貂养殖业貂笼清除物,Pd的累积可能主要来源于沿岸居民倾倒和焚烧的生活垃圾,以及不合理的农业经营活动.

[Objective] The surface soil characteristics of different vegetation types of ancient block streamperiglacial landform at mountain areas in Eastern Liaoning Province were studied to provide basic data and scientific basis for the management and protection of soil ecological environment of the periglacial landforms.[Methods] Quantitative characteristics of soil environment under different vegetation types in the periglacial area of Laotudingzi Mt.,including broadleaved deciduous forest,mixed broadleaf-conifer forest,dark coniferous forest and shrub-grassland were studied by means of field survey and laboratory analysis.[Results] In the periglacial area,the investigated soils all belong to acid leached soil,containing a variety of oxides.Significant differences in soil properties among different vegetation types existed:in comparison,meadow thicket soil surface temperature is higher,the proportion of capillary pores is larger,and the water storage capacity is stronger.Theropencedrymion soil specific gravity is smaller,loose degree is better,soil organic matter content is higher.Dark coniferous forest soil acidity is stronger.There are more litters in deciduous broad-leaved forest and theropencedrymion,soil moisture conducive to plant growth,water conservation and soil and water conservation function is better.[Conclusion] Altitude had significant effects on soil properties,and there was a clear quantitative relationship between soil properties,and litter stock and nutrient reserves.The preservation of that area can maintain the habitat stability of soil nutrition.

对辽东山地冰缘地貌上覆土壤沉积物进行磁化率及粒度的测试分析,结果表明:土壤沉积中亚铁磁性矿物含量较大,质量磁化率较高.细粒沉积中超顺磁(SP)、单畴(SD)和多畴(MD)晶粒混合存在,少数样品几乎不含超顺磁(SP)晶粒.土壤质地以粘土质粉砂为主,粉砂其次,偶见砂质粉砂.土壤粒级整体偏细,分选不好,正偏居多,峰态多为很窄峰.磁化率高低与粒径大小存在显著的相关关系,粒度越粗、原生矿物含量越大,质量磁化率表现越高;粒度越细、单畴、多畴、超顺磁颗粒组分越多,频率磁化率表现越强.受化学风化作用微弱的土壤对应磁学特征更明显,磁化率与粒度的组合特征对研究土壤质地、成壤水平具有积极意义.

为探究辽东山区冰缘地貌表层土壤的质地特征及侵蚀强度,对48个典型冰缘地貌的土壤样品进行粒度测试分析,结果表明:研究区土壤级配良好,且径级跨度较大,质地以黏土质粉砂为主,粉砂其次,偶见砂质粉砂.土壤粒度整体较细(粒度参数平均粒径Mz的φ值约6.45),分选差(标准偏差σⅠ约1.89),以正偏居多(约占58％),峰态多为很窄峰(约占83％);粒度频率分布包括单峰(25％)、双峰(50％)和多峰(25％);结合萨胡判据和南北坡土壤粒度不对称等特征,初步推测早期土壤沉积组分来自近源浅表风化和远源风成沉降,其混合组分经冰缘流水搬运改造后形成土壤沉积.根据分维值(约2.28)、级配比例及敏感组分的提取可知,沉积水动力不强,地表植被覆盖越优良,对流水侵蚀能力的消耗和抑制则越显著.供试样品的粒度特征反映流水侵蚀强度不大,植被覆盖发挥了重要的水土保持功能.

基于48个样地的群落调查数据,运用TWINSPAN分类方法,对辽东山地老秃顶子冰缘地貌植物群落类型进行了划分,并对群落结构、种类组成和生活型谱进行了系统研究.结果表明:老秃顶子冰缘地貌植被可划分为16个森林群系、6个灌丛群系,归并为落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、暗针叶林、矮曲林、灌丛、灌草丛6个植被型.其中,石海地貌主要发育灌丛和灌草丛,也有针阔混交林和矮曲林分布;石河地貌主要发育针阔混交林和落叶阔叶林,也有暗针叶林分布;石流坡地貌主要发育针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林和灌丛,也有矮曲林分布.老秃顶子冰缘地貌植被由68科138属193种维管束植物组成;石海与石河间植物群落物种组成属中等不相似,而石河与石流坡间属中等相似.老秃顶子冰缘地貌植物群落中高位芽植物占38.0％,隐芽植物占36.3％,地面芽植物占21.8％,地上芽植物和一年生植物均很少,反映出辽东山地冰缘地貌区具有夏季温暖多雨、冬季寒冷漫长的气候特点.相对而言,石海、石流坡地貌中隐芽植物较多,石河地貌中高位芽植物较多,表明石海、石流坡地貌具有更为冷湿的小气候环境.

对辽东山地典型冰缘地貌上覆土壤的粒度、常微量化学元素进行测试分析,结果表明:土壤颗粒组成包括黏粒20.79％、粉粒69.54％和砂粒9.67％,平均粒径整体偏细,约为6.45Φ,不同土壤类型、地貌类型及坡向的粒度分布存在一定差异.土壤元素化学组成以SiO2 (45.60％),Al2O3(12.90％),Fe2O3(3.90％),K2O(2.17％)为主,最大比例可达73.36％.元素Ca,Na,P,Sr显著淋溶,而Mn,Ti,Cu,Zn则相对富集,其他元素迁移不甚明显.少数元素还表现出与粒度分布存在显著关联,其中K,Na,Sr,Ba多存在于砂质土壤中,而元素Ti则容易在粒度更细致的黏土颗粒中留存.化学风化指数CIA均值约为65.50,Rb/Sr约为0.70,反映风化程度较低,且长期经历干冷气候,A-CN-K三角模型表明,研究区土壤风化以脱钙钠、富铝为主,风化水平尚处于低等风化阶段中后期.

By using the positioning measurement method ,the authors studied the characteristics of for-est communities and soil environment ,forest litter and the small scale spatial variability of soil envi-ronment quantitatively of endangered plant Diplandrorchis sinica population in Mt .Laotudingzi of eastern Liaoning Province .The results show that :(1)Patchy distribution area of Diplandrorchis sini-ca population inhabited in deciduous broad-leaved forest with Quercus mongolica+ Acer mono+ Acer pseudo-sieboldianum .Shady ,cold and wet is the main characteristics of the community environment ;(2)There is forest litter covered on the Patchy distribution area of Diplandrorchis sinica population w hich thickness is 5 .8 to 9 .0 cm ,forest litter contains several elements such as C ,N ,Si ,Ca ,Al ,Fe , K ,Mg ,S ,Mn ,P and their average contents are 64 .84% ,9 .23% ,8 .87% ,8 .68% ,2 .32% ,2 .13% , 1 .30% ,0 .62% ,0 .47% ,0 .41% ,0 .24% respectively ,coefficient of variation is 15 .5% ,15 .3% , 72 .7% ,10 .1% ,79 .5% ,57 .2% ,61 .8% ,21 .5% ,12 .4% ,25 .1% ,6 .6% ,respectively ;(3 )T he bruni-solic soil’s thickness is 60 cm of the patchy distribution area of Diplandrorchis sinica population ,pH is 6 .22 ,contains SiO2 ,CO2 ,Al2 O3 ,K2 O ,Fe2 O3 ,Na2 O ,CaO ,M gO ,N ,SO3 ,P2 O5 and M nO ,their aver-age contents are 50 .86% ,26 .02% ,12 .07% ,2 .44% ,2 .41% ,1 .78% ,1 .56% ,0 .99% ,0 .81% ,0 .19% , 0 .13% ,0 .11% respectively ,coefficient of variation is 7 .1% ,17 .1% ,6 .0% ,10 .1% ,2 .5% ,6 .0% , 13 .7% ,1 .7% ,12 .3% ,14 .7% ,2 .2% ,2 .0% ,respectively .

目前,教学目标的研究多侧重于分类、设计、基本特征、功能、陈述等方面,而对教学目标的评价研究相对较为缺乏,有的成果也只停留在对其陈述方式的是否合理方面进行评价,带有较强的主观性。本文试图从课堂视角出发,构建教学目标的评价测度体系,采用层次分析法对指标进行模糊综合评价分析,从而量化教学目标在教学过程中的综合评价指数,为"教学"的研究提供有益参考。

发展农村经济,从根本上说就是要大力提高西部的科技水平、教育水平,在重视自然资源开发的同时,高度重视人力资源开发.所以对西部地区的教育开发势在必行.如果我国只靠依赖于局部发达城市带动整个国家发展势必会造成我国局部地区经济压力和其他局部地区资源因得不到利用而被浪费.对于农村学校,加强英语的学习,是当下的重要任务,要让农村的英语跟上城市学生水平,而由于农村人力资源以及物质条件等相对落后,导致农村英语教育停滞落后,英语教学更是步履维艰.所以进行怎样促进农村英语教育才是本文的探索的重点.

In this study, we examined the pedoe co logical effects of three shrub species that occur generally in shifting, semi-s hifting and semi-fixed sand lands in the Horqin Sandy Land. Several important conclusions were drawn from this study. (1) There were significant differences in the interception and retention of sand and aeolian dust among three shrub spe cies. Of the three shrubs, the mean amount of the interception and retention of sand and aeolian dust perplant was the greatest (0.49 m~3) in Caragana microphylla, followed by Artemisia halodendrom (0.16 m~3) and Salix gordejvii (0.03 m~3). Regression analyses showed that the sediment a mount of sand and aeolian dust perplant was positively and significantly correl ated with its average canopy (accounting for 18-58% of the variance), branching number (accounting for 16-31% of the variance) and shoot diameter (accounting for 14-17% of the variance). (2) All three shrubs exhibited significant effects of of fertility, i.e. the soils under shrub canopies were significa ntly higher in nutrient availability than those beyond shrub canopies. Such effects may create a nutrient-rich substrate, thus providing a better environment for further invasion and establishment of other plant species on bare sandy land . The effects of inland of fertility varied markedly with the type of shrubs pecies. Of the three shrubs examined, Caragana microphylla had the greatest fertile island effect, followed by Artemisia halodendrom and Salix gord ejvii, largely because of significantly higher levels of organic matter, total N and available P in soils (0-20 cm) under the Caragana microphylla canopies than those under Artemisia halodendrom and Salix gordejvii canopies. Shrubs differed appreciably in accumulation efficiency of different nutrients. For example, the accumulation efficiencies of organic matter, total P, available P and total N in soils under shrub canopies averaged 1.20-1.44, 1.08-1.2 3, 1.11-1.36 and 1.17-1.40. (3) Wind direction appeared not to influence the spatial distribution of soil physical properties, but showed an effect on the spatial distribution of organic matter content. Organic matter contents in soils at the SE and NE directions of the shrubs were somewhat higher than the other directions.