社区动员效能提升是基层治理体系完善过程中的核心问题.体制转换下社区居委会与居民关系不通畅、社区老同志及驻地企业动员参与积极性不足、"楼院长"制践行面临终止、"制度—机制"下社区特色文化匮乏是社区动员面临的主要困境.社区内部主体关系资源的维系运用、通过情感疏通化解矛盾纠纷、社区特色文化的培育塑造等,是社区动员过程中应对困境采取措施时需要考虑的主要方面.借助社区动员理解制度环境与主体关系的作用机制,是数字化时代深入把握社会治理关系转变和治理效能提升的关键.

社区空间上主体关系的调适是社区文化营造关注的核心内涵,也是影响基层治理效能提升的关键问题.社区文化嵌入社区治理中并影响其机制发挥,借助社区文化营造的核心内涵去重新认知基层治理中的多元主体关系.把握好活力与秩序,个体化、社会性与公共性,利益、情感与关系,制度、技术和组织四类矛盾关系是社区文化营造下基层治理主体关系调适的取向把握.为了实现社区融合的理想目标,基层治理主体关系调适的路向选择包括传统习惯认知转换与借助、多层次价值理念融汇、社区关系平台搭建以及组织化+技术下的社区文化供给的制度保障.

社区文化供给的有效实现离不开社区治理体系的不断完善,更需要社区有效联结的充分保障.社区有效联结关系到不同主体参与治理联系的有效性.渠道、组织、来源和氛围是社区治理体系下从不同维度对社区有效联结的划分.社区内部良性沟通渠道不畅通、社区群众性组织内部管理相对松散、社区文化供给所需支持来源单一和本土性社区特色文化氛围不足,是影响社区文化供给有效实现的主要困境.为了构建有效的联系通道,需要形成社区与社会间的有机循环.

作为基层社区治理创新的重要内容,社会治理共同体的建构需要社区所有治理主体的共同参与.社区自组织立足居民自治基础上形成的社区关系网络,代表了一种自下而上的社会自治力量.在治理实践环节,主体角色、机制建设、制度设计等方面存在的症结性问题影响了自组织的能力发挥.治理效能的提升亟需不断提升自组织动员能力,促进社区居民有机融合,让其真正嵌入多元主体参与机制的塑造中,共同助推现代化社区治理体系的有效建设.

在传统社会向现代社会转型的过程中,社会个体化是一个日益鲜明的发展趋势.人在这样的社会下呈现出彼此分离、相互独立的状态.个体化表面上是个体之间自由自在相互独立的形式,实质上反映的是社会关系状态下个体的分离.个体化时代及其所面临的各种社会风险和焦虑是当前社会实际的主观情绪反映,它在很大程度上抑制了人的主体性,造成人的主体意志与客体状态不相一致.当前实现社会个体化时代人的主体性的塑造,需要对人自身主体性进行重新确定,通过共同体的形式重新调节当前社会中人与人的关系,并发挥传统力量在现代社会重建中的作用,以不断满足和适应逐渐提高的人的主体性要求.

个体化是现代化发展进程中的主要表现趋势.在社会结构性变迁和传统关系纽带变化的条件下,自我成为社会活动的中心,个体需要在日常生活领域直接承担各种风险压力.个体的独特性和危机结合在一起并影响自我认同.个体的主体反思性在全球化、现代性不断深入的背景下呈现得尤其鲜明.日常生活是每个人每天重复面对的平凡生活,也是人类亲密社会关系开始形成的地方.从日常生活的视角介人关注社会主体的需求欲望,自我的实现需要顺应人的自然生活状态.尊重、顺应并实现个体的自主选择是中国当前在社会治理思维转换过程中的重要着眼点.

网络公共舆论借助网络媒介为不同话语意见的汇聚表达提供了广阔空间,公众素养和交互规则对于网络公共舆论的良性发展具有重大影响.网络时代的社会结构为个体权利的表达提供了可能空间,也孕育着个体化表达方式下的社会风险.当前网络社会个体化表达方式的危机表征主要呈现为个体焦虑感加深、人际信任关系恶化、社会阶层“标签化”、政府公信力建设缓慢.网络社会活动需要符合社会规范,网络议事规则的匮乏是导致网络舆论表达危机产生的制度诱因.网络参与者个体素养的提升应当与网络议事规则的塑造结合起来.

社会秩序的建构离不开包括共同体成员的共同参与.国家属性职能的调整是基于社会与个体关系变化.阶级性与公共性是国家的基本属性.马克思工具性国家观认为国家是阶级实现统治的重要工具.现代性国家建构在自主性基础上,更加强调与社会的制度化合作关系.英国新马克思主义在资本主义社会发展的新阶段对未来社会人的主体性给予深度关注.他们阐述了互惠性共同体的建构过程中个体的平等参与,国家的公共性服务职能进一步得到体现.在多元化、复杂性的现代社会系统中,国家治理是通过共同体逐步建立与社会各个阶层的合作关系.中国实现国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化需要充分发挥各类社会共同体的优势,吸收和激发社会主体的力量,实现政治秩序建构与社会力量的有效融合.

实现社会风险的稳定防范与化解是社会治理创新的重要目标.为了保障社会的良性运行,风险防范机制的建设需要不断完善与创新.社会稳定风险源与重大决策紧密相关,是社会不稳定因素的重要根源.文章基于政策缝隙的视角,对Y市出租汽车车辆更新涉及经营权出让方案的政策文本进行分析,说明在涉及社会群体利益方面,政策的实质性内容存在偏差容易引发利益分配的不一致,这是导致社会矛盾的重要风险来源,也是社会稳定风险评估工作中的关注重点.政府应当在公共政策的决策制定方面进一步周密完善,弥补政策偏差可能产生的风险.通过制定科学化、精细化的防范方案实现风险治理的源头化解决.

Modern social governance is emphasizing on diversity participation,which is based on the reality consideration on the changing environment and social order reconstruct during the social change.Diversity governance means the main body is dependent on each other with the resources in-cluding power.The organizations participating in the governance need to communicate and build up a trust relation for cooperation.As the professional group in the field of market governance,the indus-try association is a main power which has an impact on industry and market order.The academia on the research of industry association is mainly on the academic thinking of the nature and role of indus-try association function.Research on the mechanism of action of industry association is more helpful to present real relationship changes among multiple subj ects in the social governance,it is also the re-search that industry association and other organizations need to focus on in the future.

中国目前处于深化改革的关键时期,在复杂的社会形势下,各种社会矛盾问题凸显.向“后工业社会”转型的过程中社会主体面临的是更加充满不确定因素的风险社会.现代社会治理强调多元主体共同参与是基于环境状况的变化和社会变迁下秩序重构问题的现实考虑.多元治理意味着主体对于包括权力在内的各种资源相互依赖.参与治理的各类组织需要通过不断地沟通,进而建立信任的合作关系.行业协会作为市场治理领域中专业类组织,成为影响行业领域及市场秩序的主要力量,通过行业协会行动逻辑研究,能够呈现现实治理语境中不同主体间关系变化的真实状态.文章结合一个服务地区企业的行业协会—X组织的成立、运作及活动案例进行阐述,希望进一步丰富对于组织间关系网络及区域间秩序建构的相关研究.

“公共领域”是一个独立于国家与社会之间的开放性公共空间。在这个公共空间，所有参与的公民基于对公共事件的理性批判形成一定的公共舆论。开放性与批判性是公共领域最重要的特征。在互联网技术飞速发展和广泛应用的时代，网络公共领域是对传统公共领域的延伸。网络公共空间边界被微博拓展的同时，也正在被现实社会主导话语的各种精英和利益群体再建构。网络公共空间里个体的“沉默追随”或“情绪发泄”阻碍了具有理性批判的声音表达。公共领域的核心特质批判性与开放性在微博的现实语境中面临着实践困境。

As an organization that exists between the government and the private enterprises, the Chamber of Commerce (CC) plays important roles in the development of the various stages of market economy. Academic opinions differ as to its nature and identity. The “agent” theory contends that the Chamber of Commerce is a new type of organization acting as a government agent that administrates the enterprises on behalf of the government. The “club” theory holds that the CC is a club-like entity that represent the collective interests of its members. A third theory blurs the distinction between the first two views and emphasizes the CC’s nature as an “intermediary”. China’s strong -government -weak -society arrangement decides that the CC inevitably experiences severe restrictions from the government. In reality, the CC’s multi -faceted role is the result of constant infiltration of private - and public -sector influences and that fact impinges CC’s role in social governance in China.

The core proposition of social order reconstruction is focusing on the relationships between society and individuals in the social construction.The essence of disusing about social reconstruction during the social transition is to relocation the relationships among different subjects in a new social situation.The impact on China social reality which is brought from Internet is triggering researchers to consider the reconstructive relationships between network technique and social order in a paradigm of technique—society.The network social movement ability is an important standard to measure the effective movements in the social members during the network era.The asymmetric relationship pattern between state and society and the instructional factors on the social reality may be a potential hinder to improve the level of network social movement in the contemporary society.The way to surpass the real dilemma is needed to positively set up an organizational platform for Interest coordination with the guidance of government power.

社区共同体是塑造社区成员本体性安全感,维护成员间彼此信任的重要屏障。社区建设是当前城市社会建设中的重点。商务楼宇作为推动现代城市经济发展的重要增长点,容纳了众多不同类型性质的企业和员工。作为新兴经济社区,如何建构一种沟通机制促进不同楼宇间企业员工的有机联系十分必要。在社会化自媒体时代,微博等网络互动工具是楼宇青年间沟通的主要方式。本文关注的重点是依托微博虚拟平台促进不同楼宇青年联合开展活动的作用机制,希望为商务楼宇社区建设提供一种可行性思路。

On reviewing the historical process of rural governance transform,it is found that there exist a lot of changes in rural social structure and the relationship among different governance subjects.The multi-center governance structure has already been the main way in the management of rural social and public affairs.As a major subject in the process of rural governance,the rural social organization play an important role in the field of coordinating the relationship among various subjects,realizing effective expression of villagers and promoting the sense of democracy in the rural community.As naturally embedded in the rural structure,the rural social organizations achieve the situation of wide participation among different governance subjects by organizational operation,which meets with the target of multi-center governance structure.Obviously,organizational operation mechanism,combined with traditional villager autonomy mechanism is required in the rural governance process.As a result,a major outlet to work out the present dilemma in the rural social governance is that rural social organizations fully play their social functions,and meanwhile mutually coordinating and collaborating with different governance bodies in the forms of rural Party organizations,villagers' autonomous organizations and villagers.

Great changes have taken place in rural social structure with the gradual penetration and the adjustment of rural land system since the reform and opening-up for more than 30 years. The multicenter governance structure is gradually becoming the main method in the management of rural social public affairs. As an important subject in the process of rural governance, the rural social organization plays a crucial role in promoting farmers~ collective actions and nurturing grass-roots democracy. Based on a brief review on the historic process of rural governance, this paper makes a case study on a special rural social organization in the northwest region, and mainly explains the social functions that rural social organization plays in the modern rural governance. Cooperation among all kinds of rural social organiza- tions, rural party organizations and villagers is a major way to work out the dilemma in rural social gov- ernance at present.

The perspective of relationship between state and society is an important analysis dimension to reflect the degree on the inde- pendence of social space and the autonomy of social individuals. In the process of Chinese history, the country - dominated force plays a key role in promoting the changing relationship between state and society. Influenced by the traditional system and cultural concept, the relationship of ＂asymmetric dependence＂ between government and citizens is deep -rooted, resulting in lacking of a platform for interactive between Chinese citizens and government. In the current conditions such as social differentiation and diverse expression of interests, social interests will be effectively integrated through an organizational expression, which is a rational way to form a better in- teractive between Chinese citizens and government.

The article first makes a review on the historical background about Durkeim's important sociological thought of body corporation,based on it,which is concentrated on making an explanation on the expression of social dilemma and mentioned with an important reason which leads to social disorder is lacking of some organizations,playing a key role on intermediating with different personal interests.Facing with a fact of social transformation and changeable social order on contemporary China,it should develop with different types of social middle organizations and gradually completing with our social group serving series.Through with an organizational expressional way to make a realizing on effectively integrating with social power,it would be a reasonable channel for us to construct with a harmonious social relationship.

政府职能转变是政府在当前社会结构不断调整的条件下所作出的一种应对性举措。作为构建社会主义和谐社会的主要力量之一——社会组织在我国社会建设中发挥的作用不可忽视。在实现"小政府,大社会"的目标过程中,正确地认识社会组织在社会发展中存在的问题对于其社会功能的发挥具有重要的指导作用。拟从社会资本的理论视角入手,对当前我国社会组织现存的主要问题进行分析,并针对这些问题给出一些合理化的建议。