补充句群(记作Q),内部由两个直接成分J和q组成.q是由两个或两个以上句子组成的句群.J是一个句子,对Q和q起管辖作用,可称为"辖群句",它体现Q里J和q关系的关键部分.在句法上,J和q是"补充对象"和"补充"的关系;在关联意义上,J和q是"解说对象"和"解说"的关系;在语用上,J和q是"表述对象"(话题)和"表述"的关系.在分析补充句群性质和内部组成的基础上,讨论Q中的"辖群句"的性质特点并扼要描述了它的主要句式.

句干是句子去掉语气以后的由实体词语为主组成的词类序列体.句干是个类名,单句的句干称为“单干”,复句的句干称为“复干”,复句里的直接组成成分称为“分干”.句干的语法结构格式或形式称为“句式”,句干的句法格局称为“句型”,句干的语义结构模式称为“句模”,句干的语用结构类别称为“句类”.研究句干,就要对句干(包括单干和复干)的句式、句型、句模、句类等进行描写和解释.

80年前的“中国文法革新的讨论”,陈望道做出了很大的贡献.他是这场讨论的发动者、组织者,讨论期间他先后发表了10余篇精彩的学术论文.本文着重从他提出的缔造汉语语法体系的指导方针这一角度来谈谈他的贡献.这一方针不仅对当时的讨论有指导意义,而且对今天仍然具有现实的指导意义.

句式研究是语法研究中最重要的课题之一.这是因为,句子是语言的基本运用单位,而任何句子都是按照特定的句式构造的;因此,语法学的发展与句式研究有着密切的关系:对句式进行专题的理论研究并把汉语语法里的各种句式研究好,不仅有理论意义,能丰富语法学理论,而且有重大的实用价值.

“主题+述题”构成“主述结构”,它是汉语句干中重要的语用结构,由“主述结构”构成的句子称为“主述句”.主述结构的常规语序是主题在述题之前,动态语境句里有时主题可以在述题之后.主题和述题的选择与语用表达有密切的关系,会影响主观的表达意图.确定“主述结构”可采用意义和形式互相参证的方法.主题与主语、主事有本质区别:主题是语用概念,主语是句法概念,主事是语义概念;但它们也有联系.根据不同的标准,主题和述题都可分为若干类型.汉语的单句和复句都存在着单主题句和多主题句.主述句可以分为五类:叙述句、描述句、记述句、释述句、评述句.

主张根据词的语法功能标准(包括句法功能、语义功能、语用功能)划分实词和虚词,认为在辨类方法上可以简化为采用直观的句法功能标准:凡能单独充当句法成分的词,是实词;凡不能单独充当句法成分,而只是依附于实词性词语或插加于句子的某个部分,在组语造句中能表达添显功能的,是虚词.根据添显功能,可以把汉语的虚词分为7类:连词、助词、介词、语气词、量词、方位词、插加词.

文章用"三维语法"(即"句法、语义、语用"三个平面既分开又结合的语法理论)来进行析句.认为析句是对句子的结构格式和句子的语气进行分析,析句的终极目的是为了理解句子的全部意义,并着重讨论了句子的语气分析、句干主述结构的分析、句干的句法分析、句干的语义分析、句干的"句式义"分析、句干主观表达情态的分析.

句干句式指句干的语法结构格式,它是由一定的语法形式显示的包含句法结构、语义结构以及句式义(句式自身整体的语用表达功能意义)的抽象结构格式,是句型、句模和句式义的综合体.句干句式都由动词(广义动词)为核心构成的动核结构通过一定的句法布局生成,所以动词是构成句干句式的关键,可以拿动词为纲来构建一种语言的句干句式系统.本文试图重点勾画并扼要地描述现代汉语不及物动词构成的主谓句(单句)的主要的、实用的基干句式,为构建现代汉语句式系统提供参考.

“语序”指语法结构内部的成分的排序,是一种重要的语法形式或手段;句式(本文指句干句式)指由一定语法形式(主要是语序)显示的表示一定语法意义的句子的抽象结构格式.语序与句式的关系非常密切,语序的差异会影响句式的差异,既可通过语序变化生成各种句式,也可凭借语序差异来辨识不同的句式.特定的语序对应特定的句式:原型语序、衍生语序、超常语序对应原型句式、衍生句式、超常句式.原型语序是本源语序、母体语序,变化原型语序(主要方法是成分的“移位”)就能生成各种衍生句式和超常句式.语义语序是句法语序和语用语序的基础,是生成句式的基底语序.语序影响句式有一定的理据.语序影响句式有制约条件.

句干句式(即“句干的句式”)是指句干的语法结构格式,它是由一定的语法形式显示的包含句法结构、语义结构以及句式义(句式自身独立的、整体的语用表达功能意义)的抽象结构格式,是句型、句模和句式义的综合体.句干句式都由动核结构通过一定的句法布局生成,所以动词是构成句干句式的关键,可以以动词为纲来构建一种语言的句式系统.全面系统地构建现代汉语的句式系统是一个很艰巨的任务.本文重点勾画并扼要描述现代汉语及物动作动词构成的单句主述句的一些主要的基干句式,旨在为构建现代汉语句式系统提供样板,以期起“举一反三”之效.

A sentential construction,abbreviated as S-construction.It is the sentence grammatical structure format.The essence of the S-construction is Abstractness.It is a format of generality,commonness and essence which is Abstracted from specific sentences with omission of lexical meanings and grammatical particulars.The sentence construction can be described in three aspects as sentential syntactic pattern,sentential semantic pattern and sentential pragmatic pattern.Sentence construction is a comprehensive entity of syntactic,semantic and pragmatic patterns which are Abstracted from the construction itself.Sentence construction has both form and meaning which share a relation of surface and lining-a matching relation.Thus sentence construction is an entity of form and meaning-a matching entity.

The sentence stem is the main part of the sentence which is left when the tonal part expressing the communicative functions is removed.The stem is mainly used to express the structure of thinking or the content of information.The construction,or more precisely the construction of the stem,refers to the abstract structural pattern composed of syntactic structure,semantic structure and constructional meanings which are conveyed by certain grammatical forms such as sequences of parts of speech,particular words or fixed structures.The construction is a combination of sentence pattern,sentence model and constructional meanings which belong to syntax,semantics and pragmatics respectively.The constructional meaning refers to the pragmatic meanings represented by the construction in itself,which are composed of three parts:the basic information,the additional information and the speaker's purpose of communication.

A phrasal construction, abbreviated as P-construction, means a grammatical construction of a phrase, with certain forms for certain meanings. To be specific, it is a form-match-meaning p-construction which is expressed with a string of words, and contains syntactic and semantic structures and pragmatic functions. The basic P-construction is a combination of syntactic and semantic patterns. Its meaning is called P-construction meaning which includes its structural meaning and independent pragmatic functional meaning. The paper also analyzed several P-constructions and made a general sketch and description about them, with the purpose that more scholars may do a similar research.

<正>我从1959年进入复旦大学陈望道教授主持的语言研究室起,就踏上了语言研究之路,至今已经是整整50个年头了。在这50年里,我的研究涉及语言理论、语法、词汇、修辞、方言等领域,主攻语法。已出版《三个平面的语法观》、《语法理论纲要》、《汉语句子的多角度研究》、《语法述要》、《动词研究》、《动词研究综述》、《汉语动词

句式义的分析策略,实质上是句式义的发现和辨析策略.《构式:论元结构的构式语法研究》重视研究句子构式的整体意义与认知的密切关系,这对理解句干句式义的生成理据有启发性,但它在分析句式义上采取“从整体到整体”的策略和把心理上的感知完形(认知情景)直接分析为句式义的策略有点问题.这涉及一些理论问题:如何看待句式的整体和部分的关系?句式义的分析是思维分析还是语言分析?如何看待句式义发现程序和生成程序?如何看待句式义的描写和解释?本文就这些问题展开了比较深入的讨论.

语法学界和修辞学界所说的句式不完全相同,所以应把语法上说的句式和非语法领域里说的句式严格区别开来。在讨论语法句式与修辞的关系时,要处理好语法句式的静态和动态的关系:具体话语里的某个特定句式所表示的动态句式义如果和静态常规的句式义一致,那是一种消极修辞;如果溢出或突破静态常规句式义而产生出变异的句式义,那就是一种积极修辞。在语法句式的应用问题上,语法的语用平面和修辞是契合的;句式在应用中要做到适应题旨和情境,才能达到语法"合用"、修辞"切当",才能取得最好的表达效果。文章最后提出语法句式在动态话语里有三种修辞现象:式变、义变、词变,并对这些现象进行了较细致的分析。

This paper argues that every sentence pattern(SP for short) has a certain pragmatic value:useful value and applicable value.Useful value is an intrinsic meaning and therefore is the essential attribute of SP.Applicable value is the applicable attribute of SP, consisting of suitability of SP to tenor and context and selectivity of tenor and context for SP.The paper mainly emphasizes applicable value of SP,arguing that useful value affects applicable value and so the former is the foundation of the latter.It uses existence SPs to explain that useful value of different static SPs which are of the same semantic structure and flexible transformation relation,affects directly applicable value in dynamic SPs.Tenor has selectivity for SP;it is what the speaker expresses:content,purpose,mood,perspective,etc.And the relationship between tenor and applicable value is that tenor has selectivity for SP, which is demonstrated by examples.Context,too,has selectivity for SP.It consists of two types:internal context——sentence components and their features,and external context——text, style,scene,background,etc.The relationship between context and applicable value is that context has selectivity for SP,which is also demonstrated by examples.

文章总结了我国句式研究的历史,肯定了成绩,也指出了不足。指出学界对"句式"含义存在着不同观点:广义的和狭义的两种句式观。文章把句式定义为由一定语法形式显示的表示一定语法意义的句子的结构格式,具体可表述为:由词类序列、特定词(或特征字)、固定格式、语调(句调)等形式显示的包含句法结构和语义结构并具有语用功能的句子的结构格式。同时论述了句式的特点以及句式跟句型、句模、句类的联系和区别,对句式的描写和命名作了概述,指出了描写和命名的主观性和多样性。文章最后还就特定句式的研究提出几点意见。

This paper argues that construction meaning is a combination of perceptual schema, thinking form and exposition need with syntactic, semantic and pragmatic mechanism in a language. Construction meaning is decided by three interactive factors: perceptual schema and thinking form are the basic factor in the formation of construction meaning, exposition need is the control factor, and the carrier factor is sentence elements and their meanings including the meaning of the nuclear verb, that of the semantic construction and syntactic distribution, and that of pragmatic words or marks. In a word, there are two factors for the formation of construction meaning: external and internal, and their relation should be examined dialectically. Construction meaning can be better understood only if both factors are given equal attention.

本文认为句式指句法、语义、语用三位一体的句子构式，句式义指句式整体所表达的语用功能意义。提出有两种句式：句干的句式和完句的句式；相应地，句式义可分为两类：句干的句式义和完句的句式义。主张辩证地看待句式义和句式内部构成成分的关系，认为两者是相互影响、相互制约的：一方面，句式有其本身独立的意义，这意义制约和影响内部词语的意义；另一方面，句式内部的词语是形成句式义的基础，构成成分的意义与句式义有密切联系；所以只有分析其内部词语的意义以及组成成分之间的关系才能解释句式义，也只有分析句式义才能更好地理解句式内部词语或组成成分的意义。