私营部门的政策工具为何能被成功引入公共部门?既有研究多是相对独立地分析内外环境、行动者以及公共问题性质等影响因素.本研究试图构建一个"制度—行动者—工具"的整合性分析框架,关注要素之间不同阶段的互动耦合.通过X市调查队将"扫描数据应用"技术引入现有居民消费价格调查(CPI)的过程追踪,揭示政策工具引入的逻辑:政策工具引入的成功与否,受制度约束情境下行动主体出于个人需求、工具特性等因素进行的注意力分配程度的影响.在不同阶段,各要素对于政策工具引入的影响力和作用方式不同.适时的制度压力是打破僵局、推动政策工具成功引入的关键要素.本研究试图突破以往研究的单一视角和静止的时空观,将政策工具引入放置在一个具体的结构情境下来探讨要素间的互动,也具有一定的政策意涵.
探究数字政府绩效背后的生成逻辑有利于更好理解政府数字化转型的现状和规律,为实现整体协同、公平普惠的发展目标提供靶向.文章在借鉴技术执行框架的基础上,构建了数字政府绩效生成的"主体—路径—绩效"框架,指出技术赋能和制度形塑既是数字政府建设的基本路径,也是其绩效生成的前因条件.基于全国31个省区市(不包括港澳台)数据的定性比较分析发现:没有单一条件能必然带来数字政府高绩效,但夯实数字政府平台基础和提高技术能力发挥着更为普适的作用;现阶段政府数字化转型存在多条行之有效的发展路径,包括"领导-技术"驱动型、"财政-技术"驱动型、领导驱动型、技术驱动型四种类型.研究启示提高数字政府绩效不仅需要实现技术赋能和制度形塑的有效协同,也需要地方政府因地制宜地探索适合自身的发展路径.
推动农村社区治理共同体建设是新时代中国特色社会主义乡村治理现代化的重要体现.公共参与是新时代农村社区治理共同体建设的重要特征,参与主体的多元度以及参与机制的韧性决定了公共参与的成效.通过研究发现,典型地区在农村社区治理共同体建设中注重拓展参与主体范围,因地制宜创新参与机制,引导多元主体广泛参与社区事务.参与主体和参与机制之间相互作用、相互联系,参与主体的多元度影响参与机制的韧性,韧性化的参与机制也能够为构建多元化的主体结构提供保障.在新时代,创新农村社区治理共同体建设机制,需要以党组织引领的聚合型主体结构为核心,以责任、利益为核心的共识价值体系为纽带,以黏连多元主体、发挥不同主体作用的参与机制为保障,真正强化主体间合作,使多元主体各尽其能,推动公共参与向跨地域性、去中心化方向转型.以此,真正形成"人人有责、人人尽责、人人享有"的农村社区治理共同体,推动乡村社会治理的现代化发展.
因缺乏实证研究的检验与完善,公共价值研究存在理论停滞与议题"消失"的风险.因此,重新思考和整合公共价值的研究应当统摄到研究方法上.为此,文章运用系统性文献分析方法,梳理现有公共价值研究的相关文献,归纳出公共价值分析中实证研究方法的变化趋势、类型与特点.在此基础上,深入讨论在公共价值研究领域中,如何正确地选择和运用实证研究方法,并指出实验研究、大数据与机器学习和混合研究有望成为今后公共价值实证研究方法的主流.实证研究方法的梳理和总结为后续公共价值议题的选择和深入探讨提供了更为广阔的空间和可行性,从而推动其理论研究的突破,助力公共价值管理确立为一种新的公共行政范式.
民主协商是全过程人民民主的应有之义.数字赋能与全过程人民民主在行动目的、功能及过程实践呈现三重逻辑契合性.盐城依托大数据支撑的"码上商量"平台,凭借"建载体—优功能—抓推广—细管理"等多维行动,彰显了大数据赋能的全过程人民民主强大效能."码上商量"的生动实践,打开了协商民主融入基层治理的新通道,探索了做好群众工作的新钥匙,搭建了政治协商"到位而不越位"的新平台.同时,全过程人民民主的盐城实践面临软硬件薄弱、协商建言质量不高、信息交互不顺畅、实践缺乏系统指导等多维现实困境.为此,通过构建以重视数字协商民主凝聚各方协商共识、以强化软硬件建设增强基础保障、以加强调查研究提升数字议政质量、以畅通反馈渠道推动成果有效转化、以完善机制确保有章可循等多维有效路径,推动大数据赋能全过程人民民主的高质量发展.
在我国,动员是重要的政策工具.但是,动员式政策的实践结果却充满争议.要理解动员式政策的结果,需要打开动员式政策的实践"黑箱".本文通过引入"松散耦合—栖居制度"视角,对4个县精准扶贫政策执行的经验进行分析,考察了动员式政策的实践逻辑.研究发现,面对强大的动员式政策执行的政治压力,由于政策的"松散耦合",被动员起来的多样化的政策实践者会根据任务的复杂性和原有政策安排采取多样化的策略,包括政策学习和创新、政策调用、政策打包及政策脱耦.本文将这一政策"拆包"过程界定为差异化耦合.同时,在动员式政策执行的过程中,地方政府实践者也会利用多种制度化整合机制,包括组织结构和机制的再造以及政策经纪人的使用,对"政策束"进行打包和再整合.差异化耦合与制度性整合作为动员式政策实践的"一体两面"内生于地方治理的制度场域中.动员式政策实践中的"拆包"与"再打包"过程对于理解动员与常规之间的关系以及动员式政策执行的结果均具有显著的启示意义.
数字政府的建设如何实现整体开放和协同智能的最优配置已经成为我国各地的重要实践探索和理论推进.相较于传统物理空间内的公私合作,数字政府建设中的多元协同更注重实现整体治理的目的,以促进数据在不同主体、不同层级和不同部门间的流通.本文通过研究广东省数字政府建设中不同阶段的合作主体、合作方式和合作关系,总结如何更有效地实现包括政府和企业在内的多元主体建构和协同,形成推动数字政府建设的关键因素,释放数字红利,提升治理效能.
巩固和提升地方政府信任是优化政府公众关系、建设人民满意的服务型政府的题中之义.本文基于对公众安全感与地方政府信任的理论分析,厘定公众安全感与地方政府信任关联关系的逻辑框架,运用四市六区23个城乡社区的居民抽样调查数据,通过广义倾向值匹配的因果推断方法,确认了公众安全感对地方政府机构信任、地方政府机构信任结构的积极影响;以中介效应分析探究并呈现因果关系的作用机制,证实了公共服务满意度在公众安全感影响地方政府信任中的重要功能.本研究揭示了公众安全感与地方政府信任之间复杂的关联关系,确认了对其关联关系发挥影响的重要因素,为加强地方政府公共关系建设、优化地方政府治理效能提供了启迪.
公共治理的目标冲突对经济社会的平衡发展、政策目标的落实和社会各方利益的协调造成了系统性的冲击,对其进行有效应对已然成为国家治理现代化的重要课题和挑战.本文从定义测量和类型划分、影响因素和内在机制、后果影响和应对策略三大方面对已有研究进行了系统的梳理、分析,构建了一个整合的公共治理目标冲突研究的框架.本文重点呈现了影响公共治理目标冲突的"认知—组织—结构"三大层面的因素,以及"决策认知—组织激励—社会结构—政治制度"四个维度的生成机制.在评述的基础上,提出针对性的研究展望:(1)厘清概念内涵和边界,构建完善指标体系;(2)超越情境化解释,形成整全理解;(3)探究目标冲突负面影响的条件性;(4)探讨策略使用的条件和差异.最后,结合理论提出相关实践启示:(1)对目标冲突分门别类并差异化处置;(2)全面分析和综合防范引发冲突的因素;(3)仔细甄别、应对冲突发生的复合机制;(4)因地制宜地确立目标冲突的应对策略.
在政府创新持续的过程中,带有强利益相关的项目在存续状态上表现出较大差异,有的项目陷入低效锁定甚至停滞,有的项目则迭代升级不断深化.学界多从"制度依赖论"和"个体缔造论"视角展开研究.本文从政府创新实践与旧制度规范的摩擦出发,通过案例研究法,以S合作区飞地管理模式的创新迭代实践为例,探究地方政府为克服创新项目在实践中遇到的阻力,推动管理模式创新迭代的过程与作用机制.研究发现,创新迭代能否实现与规则对行动者的整合度、合作要素的完备程度以及迭代方案与政策环境导向的一致性密切相关.组织化的关键行动者在其中起了重要作用,主要表现在能否以共同目标、信息纽带和开放网络为基础,形成具有向心力、协同场域和资源渠道支持的"组织化"行动团体,在不改变原定创新主张与目标的前提下,把握与政策环境"正向耦合"的契机,因势利导推动管理模式的迭代与优化.
The key to the improvement of the governance effectiveness of emergency management in the new era lies in the construction of a promising emergency management community. Different from the Western classic Parsons and Habermas advocated by the interest integration-led single social integration theory, Chinese-style social integration is a more emphasizes the ternary compound structure of "consensus integration-interest integration-rule integration". Based on the analysis of the process of flood disaster management in Shexian Anhui Province in 2020, try to sort out the operation mechanism of the "Chinese-style" social integration system. That is, the ternary model of "consensus integration-interest integration-rule integration" reveals the panorama of the construction of the crisis management community: political rhetorical expression based on emotional resonance and rational consensus on seeking common ground while reserving differences to achieve the goal integration of crisis governance; making execution based on negotiation games and policy optimization based on the integration of gifts and benefits to achieve the function of crisis governance; collaborative participation in the structural interaction to achieve crisis governance. It can be seen that the Chinesestyle social integration analysis framework satisfies the systematic construction requirements of the crisis governance community, is the interpretation logic of crisis governance in the field of Chinese social governance, and fully demonstrates the advantages of the political system with Chinese characteristics.
通过限额管理与分类管控等制度设计,中央政府在短期内便将地方政府性债务纳入该公共预算管理体系中.本研究将这一系列制度与政策总结为地方政府债务的公共财政化.目前关于该重大制度变化及其影响的经验研究相对缺乏.本研究基于官方文件、统计数据以及深入访谈等资料研究得出,在中央统筹的省级管理框架下,该政策逐渐建构起集限额管理、分类管控、风险预警与问责机制为一体的预算管理体系.政策的本质是将地方政府债务中地方政府(债务主体)与信贷机构(债权主体)的关系转换为政府间财政关系,并依托项目制和省级统筹的限额分配,使得地方债务融资更接近于信贷形式的专项转移支付.通过对四川省县级面板数据的分析,本研究发现上述政策主要产生了两方面的影响.一方面,一般债务成本会通过挤压科教文卫支出、扩张政府运转成本以及拉升一般性转移支付收入而产生新的预算软约束问题;另一方面,主要对专项债务成本起作用的财政重整政策则可以通过扩张重整地区基金预算收支来降低其负债率.上述发现说明内嵌于公共预算管理体系的地方政府债务管控体系需要通过进一步优化政府间财政关系而加以改善.
创新和完善基层治理是党建引领中国式现代化的应有之义.既有研究主要关注创新扩散及其影响,而对基层治理创新行为驱动机制的关注有待加强.本文对陕西省安康市汉阴县基层治理创新行为的考察发现,新时代我国基层治理创新激活主要以党建赋能和分离均衡为实现路径与机制.与政治赋能相比,党建赋能通过政治、组织、技术三个维度要素的赋能分别强化思想引领机制、统合联动机制以及信息共享机制,从而激发制度活力、激活基层经验.治理创新实践中的分离均衡通过正向激励与逆向鞭策分别实现积极强化机制和反馈调节机制,使基层组织和党员干部既要有所作为又注重适度有为,进而增进治理创新的合力.强化赋能、正向激励与科学约束三者相互支撑、互为促进;基于全过程赋能、全方位激励和全要素约束以实现制度创新、经验扩散和干部作为,进而共同驱动基层治理创新激活.
Consultative governance is an important part of China’s national governance system. It is inherited from traditional Chinese political wisdom, based on socialism with Chinese characteristics, takes the ruling party, participating parties and the CPPCC as the important subjects, and covers all kinds of public affairs at all directions and at various levels. It takes deliberative democracy as the main approach, highlights the core quality of "people-centered", and embodies the values of equality, inclusiveness and unity. Therefore, the consultative governance with Chinese characteristics reflects the principle and inclusiveness, development and stability, and the organic unity of "hard law" governance and "soft law" governance. In terms of practice, the practical basis of consultative governance with Chinese characteristics includes the prerequisite requirements of politics, rule of law, system, operability and ability. At present, the consultative governance has formed a scientific system of advisory, decision-making and mixed consultative governance. However, there are still shortcomings such as lack of authority, imbalance between subject roles and resource allocation, weak motivation for consultation participation, low institutionalization, standardization and procedure of the consultation process, and weak effectiveness of grassroots social governance. Therefore, we should promote the construction of the discourse system and the system, strengthen the authority of the political party, promote the modernization of grass-roots consultative governance, strengthen and improve the system construction, enhance the inclusiveness of the main structure, and explore the effective path for social organizations to participate in the consultative governance.
全球地理大发现后,西方国家财政政策经历了重商主义、自由放任主义、凯恩斯国家干预主义与新自由主义的渐次调适,靶向解决殖民地开辟、市场创新、生产过剩与经济滞胀问题,呈现典型的线性逻辑.其财政治理政策秉承"物本"属性,主要服务于资源配置,并且靶向解决政治问题、社会问题、文化问题与生态问题,具有工具实用性与功能偏狭性特征.一些后发国家简单移植西方财政治理模式,出现水土不服现象,政治撕裂、社会失序、文化缺位和生态破坏等问题接踵而至.这些后发国家对此类现象束手无策.与西方"靶向论"财政治理政策不同,中国的财政政策从"系统论"切入,将现代化各要素进行整合,赋予财政"国家治理的基础和重要支柱"的新定位,使财政系统嵌入现代化的五大元素中,产生了系统的结构作用与交互功能,从而构成中国式现代化的财政治理循环链,促进政治认同,重塑资源配置,调整社会秩序,聚合民族意志,促进持续发展,进而走出一条人口规模巨大的现代化、全体人民共同富裕的现代化、物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化、人与自然和谐共生的现代化、走和平发展道路的现代化新道路.中国式现代化的财政治理政策拓宽了西方传统认知下的财政功能,为人类现代化提供了新的财政治理选择.
"Participation in grass-roots governance" is a path of social work action with Chinese characteristics. The institutional basis supporting its participation has changed repeatedly in the past 20 years. How and why has the institutional basis changed?Based on the theory of institutional innovation, the time series method is adopted to study the historical evolution of the institutional basis for social work to participate in grass-roots governance. It is found that these institutional tendencies regard social work as a method to solve problems in the transformation of grass-roots governance or to balance the tension between the dual objectives of legitimacy and rationality of grass-roots governance. The contradictory movement between the new problems or norms and the old structural arrangements arising from the modernization of the grass-roots governance system has led to many changes in the institutional basis. However, the institutional elements related to the professionalization of social work among various systems have been sustained, accumulated and finalized in history, and the institutional mechanism of social workers’ professional practice environment at the grass-roots level has been constructed. Compared with the original system, the social work station attaches importance to the setting and realization of functions around the crowd, which is conducive to the use of the professional knowledge base of social workers, improving the governance status at the grassroots level and realizing the support professional efficiency.
This paper uses the method of mixed research to analyze the effect and mechanism of immigrants’ party organizations in promoting immigrant’participation in community governance. Based on the case study, it is found that immigrants’ party organizations can effectively promote the community participation of immigrants by organizing them. The reason why mobile party organizations can effectively mobilize immigrants to participate in community governance is, on the one hand, that immigrants’ party organizations achieve organizational embeddedness through the affinity network mechanism, the branch’s constraint and absorption mechanism for party organization members, and the integration and link mechanism of service resources. On the other hand, migrants have different considerations such as private relations, social rewards, material rewards, political rewards, and organizational identity, which constitutes an important driving force for their being effectively mobilized and continuously participating in community governance. At the same time, through the analysis of China Migrants Dynamic Survey data, this paper demonstrates that immigrants’ party organizations can significantly promote the community participation level of immigrants, and there is a significant group difference in this promotion effect. Migrants with party membership and of high participation in social networks are more likely to be mobilized to participate in community governance activities.
随着小区式居住形态的普遍化,化解社区中的物业冲突是实现基层社会治理现代化必须要面对的痛点问题.由于物业冲突原因的复杂性,只有把物业纳入社区共治体系才能找到妥善解决的出路.本文通过调查T小区的"红色物业",发现党建引领下的因势创能是实现社区物业共治的有效路径.从优势定位出发,确立党建引领的元治理框架,充分发掘社区多元主体的治理优势,并通过党建嵌入下的共建平台、党社协同下的共创规则、党群联动下的共同控制进行优势整合,逐步实现多元主体优势共生,激活社区治理的内生力量,并持续产生共治增量的优势效应,从而展示了"因循主体优势、实现创能治理"的政党逻辑,为形构基层社会治理现代化路径提供了一个可参考的镜鉴.
特色小镇是我国推进新型城镇化的重要手段,也是探索乡村振兴过程中的独特创新.通过"进城不离乡""就地城镇化"等方式,特色小镇为全国乡村振兴开辟了 一条新路.然而,这项立意高远的政策创新在各地具体落实的过程中却出现了意想不到的异化与泛滥现象,许多无特色的乡镇以"特色小镇"名义浪费了公共财政资金,引起了中央的重视.所谓的"特色小镇"在全国过度扩散,其诱发因素不是偶然的.本研究基于2015-2020年间325个地级行政单位的数据,采用事件史分析法,研究特色小镇扩散的影响因素,并比较了这些因素在不同区域的影响.研究发现,财政状况和上级压力是影响特色小镇扩散的最重要因素,而特色小镇扩散也与"地情"密切相关,上级压力与财政状况交互作用加剧了特色小镇过度扩散.未来要治理特色小镇过度扩散问题,应该发挥财政资金和社会资金的双重撬动作用,建立全过程管控与考核制度,并及时监督虚假特色小镇,同时应根据当地实际情况,因地制宜地制定合适的特色小镇建设方案,防止同质化现象的发生.
Grass-roots governance is the cornerstone of national governance, and the scientific setting of grass-roots governance structure largely determines the effectiveness of governance. Taking the practice of "county direct management community" in Wenzhou Longgang as an example, this paper discusses why the adjustment of grassroots governance structure is possible in the framework of bureaucratic organization. Research found that in the case of governance system remain open to the outside world, the external environment pressure on governance system, push governance system to change, but governance system is not completely comply with the requirements of the environment to make changes, but will refer to their own principles and requirements, selective response, and according to the selected function optimization matters, to adjust the governance structure. Therefore, need in the process of adjustment, to ensure that the governance system and external environment, and governance system internal structure and structure of mutual trust and orderly interaction and shape each other, thus forming the hierarchical and reverse hierarchical structure coupling relationship, contributing to grassroots governance system upgrade in stable optimization, and wait for the next environmental pressure, into a new cycle, eventually in the grassroots governance system "self production" to promote governance modernization.
