[目的] 本研究选择不同途径(职业和环境)接触镉的人群,观察外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)的金属硫蛋白(MT)表达水平改变,以探讨其作为镉接触指标的可能性.[方法] 以广西某锌品厂镉接触男工为接触组,分为硫酸车间组和电解车间组;选取当地29名男性商业人员为对照组.镉的摄入量按Cai等描述的方法,主要包括工作场所接触和环境摄入和吸烟摄入.测定血样和尿样中镉浓度用原子吸收分光光度法测定.MT基因表达水平测定:分离淋巴细胞,抽提RNA,进行RT-PCR.以β-肌动蛋白(actin)为内参照,按公式MT/actin计算MT基因表达水平.[结果] 电解车间组的基础和诱导的MT表达水平显著高于其他两组.随尿镉水平上升,MT基础表达和诱导表达都增高,其中MT基础表达和诱导表达在尿镉10 μg/gCr以上组显著高于0～2 μg/gCr组,MT诱导能力在各组间未见显著差异.随血镉水平上升,MT基础表达和诱导表达都增高,显示良好的剂量-反应关系.随镉摄入量增加,MT基础表达和诱导表达都增高,在摄入量最高组达显著性.MT诱导能力在组间未见显著差异.MT表达水平与血镉、尿镉以及其他指标的相关分析和逐步回归分析,可见MT基础和诱导表达与血镉水平显著相关,同时与尿镉也显著相关.MT诱导能力与各指标之间均无显著性.[结论] MT基础表达和诱导表达随镉接触量增高呈现剂量-效应关系,初步提示其作为镉接触的生物标志物的可能性.

Objective Time-course of gene expression of metallothionein (MT1 and MT2) in kidney conex from mice were measured.Methods Following an initial high CdMT dose and four subsequent low doses (50+4×25μg/kg) administered subcutaneously at an interval of 2h,with semi-quantitative RT-PCR.Results The MTI gene expression level was higher at 12 h and returned its basal level at 168h after first injection.The MT2 gene expression level was significantly higher at 12 and 24h and also returned its basal level at 168h.The MT1 and MT2 gene expression level reached to the maximum at 24h.Conclusion MT1 and MT2 genes in mice's kidney cortex from mice could be induced by multiple short-interval CdMT injections.Time course of MT1 and MT2 gene expression was parallel.

人们怀疑近几十年来人类某些生殖系统疾病(如隐睾、尿道下裂、睾丸癌及前列腺癌等)的发生率升高及过去50多年人类精子数量下降与环境内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupters,EDs)有关[1]，而壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)是一种较为公认的内分泌干扰物，NP的弱雌激素样作用及对雄性大鼠的生殖危害已有文献报道[2]。NP在环境中主要由洗涤剂成分之一，壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解产生，且NP具有很高的油水分配系数，易沉积于淤泥中，在淤泥中相当稳定。有字春曾研究过鳟鱼对水体中NP的生物富集作用，富集系数在40～100之间[3]。有关NP在哺乳动物体内的代谢分布还未见报道，本研究旨在观察腹腔注射NP后，NP在血液、肝脏、肾脏和睾丸组织中的分布和清除速度。

职业伤害(occupational injuries)在我国一般简称工伤,是指职业人群在生产劳动过程中,由于职业性事故(occupational accidents)而引起机体组织的突然性意外损伤.它不仅能造成缺勤,而且引起残废甚至死亡[1].1999年,我国共发生工伤事故22 000起,死亡17 469人,重伤9 012人.据不完全统计,职工伤亡事故造成的直接经济损失达6.2亿元[2].工伤的严重性在于它常常涉及年轻人,造成的死亡和长期伤残是全人口中最具有劳动力的那一部分人,从公共卫生、职业健康和职业安全的角度来说,职业伤害造成的严重后果应使其成为卫生预防政策中值得优先重视的问题.

Objective To investigate the changes of serum sexual hormone levels in the rats exposed to cadmium by drinking water. Methods Cadmium was given to rats at 0,50,100 and 200 mg/kg in drinking water.The serum testosterone,follicle stimulating hormone,and luteinizing hormone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results At the end of the first month with cadmium administration,there was no significant change in serum hormone levels.At the end of the third month after cadmium administration,the levels of serum testosterone in the 50,100 and 200 mg/kg groups were 286.88,225.63 and 259.60 pmol/L,respectively,which were significantly higher than that in control group(111.58 pmol/L).At the end of the sixth month,however,significant elevation of serum testosterone could only be observed in the Cd exposure group at 200 mg/kg(327.34 pmol/L).In the meantime,a significant decrease of luteinizing hormone was noted in the dose group of 200 mg/kg(2.53 ng/ml) when compared with the control group(4.52 ng/ml) in the sixth month after cadmium administration. Conclusion Oral exposure to cadmium may induce change in the levels of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone.

Objective To explore the time course of the renal impacts inducedby multiple short-interval injections of cadmium-metallothionein (CdMT) in female mice.Methods The mice were given with an initial high dose and with four subsequent low doses (0.05＋4×0.025 mg/kg) subcutaneously at 2 h intervals. The excretion of cadmium, calcium and protein in urine and changes of calcium and level in kidney cortex were studied following the first injection. Results The calcium level in kidney cortex were significantly higher at 24 and 336 h after the first injection. The excretion of calcium and protein in urine appeared to be markedly increased to a maxiumal value at 168 h and kept until 336 h. Conclusion Marked nephrotoxic effects after multiple short-interval CdMT injections were shown with rather long duration. The disturbance of calcium homeostasis might be one of the possible mechanisms of such renal impacts.

［Objective］ This study was to explore the reversibility of renal dysfunction induced by cadmium in workers. ［Methods］ The changes of urinary cadmium (UCd) and renal dysfunction in cadmium-exposed workers treated by ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) promoting excretion of cadmium in urine were observed. From 1986,the annual records of UCd and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) of pre- and post- treatment of EDTA were collected from 17 workers (male:14,female:3) in this study. ［Results］ It is shown that levels of urinary cadmium in workers,whose urinary β2-MG excretion was always abnormal (≥0.8 mg/g Cr) or became abnormal during the treatment period,were above 10 μg/gCr basically. Conversely,UCd concentration was below 10 μg/gCr in those workers whose urinary β2-MG excretion was always normal (＜0.8 mg/gCr) or became normal during this treatment period. The prevalence of renal dysfunction increased regardless of UCd increasing or not,and didn’t decreased with the increasing of the time of removal from cadmium exposure. The renal dysfunction will be reversible if UCd＜10 μg/gCr,or be irreversible when UCd＞10 μg/gCr. ［Conclusion］ The level of urinary cadmium is a major factor,which affects the change of renal dysfunction caused by cadmium in workers,and no significant curative effect of EDTA treatment on renal dysfunction resulted from cadmium exposure was found.

镉(Cd),是一种广泛持久存在的工业和环境污染物,对人和动物造成极大的健康危害.美国有害物品和疾病登记所(ATSDR)将Cd列在前50位有毒物品的第七位.在人体内,镉的半衰期长达7～30年,可蓄积50年之久,能对肺、肝、肾、骨、睾丸、胎盘等多种器官和组织造成损害.大量研究表明,镉具有致癌性.IARC把镉归类为第一类人类致癌物;NTP也认为镉是人类致癌物,而EPA仅认为镉是一种可能的人类致癌物.目前普遍认为镉是一种弱诱变剂,且主要通过非遗传毒性和间接遗传毒性起作用,其致癌机制尚未阐明.凋亡在镉所致损伤和致癌中具有重要作用,故有必要对镉和凋亡的关系做一回顾.

顾学箕教授,我国职业卫生与毒理学的创始人之一,为我国劳动卫生职业病事业的全面健康发展辛勤耕耘、默默奉献了将近60个年头,60年来他献身职业卫生事业,不忘教书育人,不仅成果丰厚,而且桃李满天下.而今他虽已步入90岁高龄,但依旧是一名开拓者,永远是位诲人不倦的好老师.

Objective To investigate the prognosis of renal dysfunction of general population removal cadmium exposure.Methods One hundred and fourty eight residents who lived in cadmium-exposed area was followed up for three years after exposure removal.Urinary cadmium,β\-2-microglobulin and albumin were analyzed in 1995 and 1998,respectively.Results The changes of renal dysfunction of residents after removal from exposure depend on the levels of urinary cadmium before exposure stopping. The renal dysfunction of residents with initial low-level urinary cadmium would be reversible, but it would be irreversible or aggravated for residents with high-level urinary cadmium. There was significant decreased excretion of urinary β\-2-microglobulin and albumin of residents,whose urinary cadmium concentration was lower than 5 μg/g creatinine in 1995 and 1998.However,there was a significant increased excretion of urinary β\-2-microglobulin and albumin of those residents with initial urinary cadmium higher than 10 μg/g creatinine.The study of dose-effect relationship between urinary cadmium and urinary β\-2-microglobulin and albumin also showed that the renal dysfunction induced by cadmium might be reversible if urinary cadmium concentration was low level before exposure stopped,or it might be irreversible or aggravated.Conclusion The prognosis of renal dysfunction of general population to cadmium related to the intensity of cadmium exposure before cadmium exposure stopping.

［Objective］ The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential estrogenic effect of cadmium. ［Method］ Both in vitro (proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cell) and in vivo (uterotrophic assay in ovariectomized SD rats) assays were used in this study. ［Results］ 10-6M cadmium chloride induced the maximal cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells up to 3.92 fold compared to control group, and this effect was blocked completely by a pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780. The relative rate of the proliferation effect of cadmium was 65%, and the relative proliferation potency was 1/1000.0.1,0.5 and 2.5mg/kg per day by intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride for 3 days increased the weight of uterus of ovariectomized SD rats significantly in a dose-related pattern. ［Conclusion］ It was suggested that cadmium can mimic the effect of estrogen to stimulate the growth of MCF-7 cells and the uterus of ovariectomized SD rats.Cadmium had estrogen-like effect.

［Objective］ The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of type-2 diabetic mice (Umea ob/ob mice) to cadmium-metallothionein (CdMT)-induced nephrotoxicity. ［Methods］ 18 of female ob/ob mice and 18 of their lean litter mates (normal mice) were randomly divided into three groups for each type,and administered subcutaneously with CdMT 5 times in short interval. The different doses of CdMT were given to both types of mice based on the ratio of kidney weight to body weight in order to reach the same level of cadmium in renal cortex. ［Results］ The significant increase in NAG and calcium in urine and in renal cortex was found at the lower level of cadmium in renal cortex in ob/ob mice than in normal mice. ［Conclusion］ The authors concluded that ob/ob mice were more susceptible to CdMT-induced renal damage.

由中国工程院院士何凤生教授主编，王世俊、任引津两教授任副主编的《中华职业医学》经人民卫生出版社发行了，这是我国职业医学和职业卫生界可喜可贺的一件大事。我国七十余名职业医学、职业卫生专家参加了本书的编写。全书系统、全面地介绍了由化学毒物、生产性粉尘、物理因素等职业有害因素引起的各种职业病及亚临床病变、工作有关疾病、职业性外伤等。编著者根据现代预防医学中人类群体-环境-健康的基本观念和生物-心理-社会这一新的医学模式，结合预防医学的特点，对各种职业因素对健康的影响作了全面系统的论述，使本书对广大职业医学工作者和高等医学院校预防医学专业的本科学生和研究生都有理论和实际指导作用。职业病疾患涉及临床医学的其他分支学科，因此，本书对临床医务工作者也具有重要的参考价值。

职业人群的健康对社会发展影响至关重要.为此,我们采用芬兰职业卫生研究所研制的“工作能力指数(work ability index,WAI)表”[1]对上海市芷江西街道社区部分职业人群进行了卫生状况调查和工作能力调查,以了解职业因素与工作能力之间的关系,为职业人群社区卫生服务提供基础资料.

Objective To explore the effect of acrylonitrile(ACN) on the reproductive function of male rats. Methods Wistar male rats were daily administrated ACN by gavage 5 times a week for 13 weeks at the dose of 0,10,20,40 mg/kg body weight respectively.Mating experiment was conducted by the end of the 12th week.The activities of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and its isoenzymes LDH X,acid phosphatase(ACP),alkaline phosphatase(AKP),sorbitol dehydrogenase(SDH) in testes and epididymis in rats were detected. Results The 13 week treatment of ACN caused a significant increase in the activities of LDH and LDH X in testes[(2.161±0.395) U/mg pro and (0.289±0.163)U/mg pro] at the 10 mg/kg group as compared with control group [(1.822± 0.263 )U/mg pro and (0.185±0.054)U/mg pro],but the increase in activities of ACP,AKP,SDH showed no significant difference.With further increase of dose,a significant decrease in activities of LDH,LDH X,SDH and ACP was observed,but there was no difference in activities of such enzymes between 40 mg/kg group and control.In spite of the same changes in activities of LDH and LDH X in epididymis,there was statistical difference in activity of LDH only between 10 mg/kg group and 40 mg/kg group ( P 0.05).Mating experiment results indicated that ACN had no effect on sexual function of rats,and a decrease in numbers of living fetuses per litter (5.88) and an increase in rate of embryonic absorption (19.66%) at dose of 40 mg/kg as compared with control group( 7.73 , 7.61%) . Conclusion ACN could cause some alteration of enzyme in testes and epididymis,impair embryo by administrated male rats,so ACN may affect the male reproductive function.

The aim of this study was to explore the ability of induced expression of metallothionein genes related to the susceptibility of type 2 diabetic mice (ob/ob mice) to cadmium metallothionein(CdMT) induced nephrotoxicity. With semi quantitative RT PCR,gene expressions of MT1 and MT2 induced by the same cadmium level in the renal cortex of type 2 diabetic mice and their lean litter mates (normal mice) were studied. Gene expressions of MT1 and MT2 in the renal cortex of ob/ob mice could not be induced obviously by CdMT. However they could be induced significantly in that of normal mice. [Conclusion] The authors concluded that there were some relationships between the possible mechanisms of the susceptibility of type 2 diabetic mice to CdMT induced nephrotoxicity and the lower ability of induced expressions of MT1 and MT2 genes in the renal cortex.

酶是一种生物大分子蛋白质,分子量常在20 000到483 000之间.在二十世纪初期,酶已被用于洗涤产品以去除污垢.1963年,从枯草杆菌中提取的枯草杆菌蛋白酶首次添加于洗涤剂中.至1969年,在欧美各国大约80%的洗衣粉中都加了酶.目前我国每年的洗衣粉产量为200万吨,其中1/3为含酶洗衣粉.酶可以释放到空气中,通过呼吸道吸入、皮肤接触等方式对作业工人的健康产生影响.

巯基尿酸是外源性亲电子化合物与谷胱甘肽(GSH)结合后的分解产物(终产物)［1，2］，作为生物标志物，它在遗传毒物的生物转运、生物监测及毒理学研究中得到广泛应用。本文拟对巯基尿酸的合成、分析及其在生物监测研究中的进展进行综述。

前列腺发生于泌尿生殖窦上皮,是雄激素依赖的器官.雄激素及其受体在前列腺的发生、生长、分化和功能的维持上起着重要的作用.雄激素(T)主要由睾丸间质细胞(Leydig Cell)合成、分泌,通过5α-还原酶(主要是Ⅱ型)的作用能转化成更具生物活性的脱氢睾酮(DHT).除了睾丸,肾上腺也能分泌一定量的无活性的甾类激素前体物质如脱氢(表)雄甾酮(DHEA)和雄甾烯二酮等.这些前体物质能在许多组织包括前列腺中被转化生成T.这些肾上腺来源的雄激素在前列腺及前列腺癌的发生、发展中起到什么作用目前尚未见相关报道.

劳动人口占总人口的一半以上，一个人的工作时间(18～64岁)占生命的一半。保障劳动者的健康和安全是所有职业卫生与职业安全工作者的重要使命，并一直受到各国政府和有关团体、组织的重视。1996年第14届世界劳动安全卫生大会上达成共识：劳动者在享受就业权利的同时，应享有劳动安全卫生的权利。就业政策必须与劳动安全卫生政策密切结合；国家和企业都必须保证安全卫生的投入强度，劳动安全卫生工作不仅代表一个国家或企业的水平，也反映其在市场竞争中的潜力和后劲；要强化国家对安全卫生的监察职能；要广泛建立包括安全卫生支持系统的安全文化，旨在减少事故和职业危害，保护职工的安全与健康。这在我国即将加入WTO和进行西部大开发的今天，对职业安全与卫生工作者有着特殊的重要意义。