先秦时期,中国的山川崇拜非常盛行,不仅《山海经》等传世文献多有记载,而且在甲骨文、金文、简帛文字等古文字中也得到确切证明.先秦各诸侯国都进行过山川祭祀,但这在诸子学派的言说中,却缺乏系统的记载.在山川祭祀的理论阐述、过程描述和制度设计三个方面,只有儒家之记载比较系统完整.在"三礼"、《尚书》、《左传》等文献中,对山川祭祀的时间、频率、空间、仪式等都有非常具体的说明.这些文献记载都成为后来历代"制礼作乐"的理论资源;随着儒学的官方化,山川祭祀自然也被列入汉代以后的国家制度中了.
作为20世纪史学主潮,历史唯物论者对中国传统礼制具有独特认识.自郭沫若《中国古代社会研究》以来,礼制信息备受重视,在范文澜、翦伯赞、吕振羽、侯外庐等早期历史唯物论著作中多有所见.历史唯物论者认为礼的本质是阶级性,猛烈抨击礼教,认为礼制是某个时段或者某种社会的独有现象,而礼学必然随着封建社会的灭亡而消亡.礼制问题在社会形态论中亦是极为重要的史料支撑和制度言说.早期唯物史观的礼制分析方法,在杨宽、杨向奎等后继者论著中成为自觉,并得到发扬.杨宽对藉、冠、射、大蒐、贽见、乡饮酒等礼制的系列研究,将其推至学术高峰.唯物史观的礼学研究,大都注重整体历史而非琐碎考证;受到疑古思潮影响,认为"三礼"文献和相关礼制晚出;极力超脱经学门户之争;特别注重经济社会的礼制信息.在取得丰硕成果的同时,该学派也存在两方面问题:一是对礼制性质和时代判断不够清晰,二是论证过程中存在教条化和标签化问题,同样的礼制史料往往因讨论者理解和解释不同而结论相异.
我是一名从事中国古代历史教研工作的书斋学者,担任武汉大学中国传统文化研究中心主任. 自2012年成为武汉市政协委员以来,我一直担任文史委副主任.近十年的履职经历使我愈加坚信,一个城市的魅力绝非只有高楼大厦和经济指数,文化软实力正是城市的鲜亮名片,有时甚至作用更大.
传统文献和当代汉语的用语习惯中,“礼仪之邦”的使用频率越来越高,逐渐代替了“礼义之邦”.其内在原因是,中国人自古以来就把礼仪之有无视为自我文化认同的根本标识和华夷之辨的主要依据.宋明以降,中国越来越重视和强化礼仪,逐步走向一个礼仪化的国度.其表现形式和塑造机制有三:其一,“礼仪之邦”是域外视角观察中国所获得的真切印象,是中外文化比较的结论;第二,百姓日常生活越来越礼仪化,这是礼制下移的结果,是士大夫们通过庶民通礼、宗族祠堂、家礼家仪、乡规民约等途径合力塑造的结果;第三,民间日用礼书的广泛传播,民间礼生的传承和实践,推动了中国乡村社会的礼仪化.由是,中国成为一个名副其实的“礼仪之邦”, “礼义之邦”一词反而习焉不察了.
理雅各的《礼记》译本是西方世界至今最为常用的参考文献,但它仍然不可避免地带有某些局限性.其一,他的翻译底本选择了当时最流行的科举读本,而不是当时学术水平最高的《礼记》注疏文本;其二,传教士的身份使得其翻译局限于基督教文化;其三,文化差异和礼学功底不足,使其译文字句受困于中国经典字词的多义性或歧义性.当今的中国传统经典外译,实际上是一种重译或再译.今天所面临的困难在于,翻译者的古文献训练与外语训练极不对称,很难找到两者俱佳的优秀人才.如果不熟悉经学史,撇开历代注疏而直接切入元典的外文翻译,会造成更大的语义混乱.
伴随着农村人口流动和农民城市化,婚后的“八零后”“九零后”农民与父代组成了类似三代直系家庭但却有实质差别的新“三代家庭”.在该类家庭中,父代与子代、子代家庭之间的会计单位是相互独立的,但是子代与父代在形式上又没有明确分家,这就使得父代被分别纳入到子代家庭,成为子代家庭的成员,从而分别与子代家庭构成三代直系家庭.新“三代家庭”结构有利于子代对父代资源和劳动力的充分调配,以应对村庄竞争、人口流动和城市化所带来的问题和压力,推动农民家庭发展.新“三代家庭”过于强调家庭关系的工具理性,从而使得农村中年人的劳动力被过度使用和剥削.没有劳动能力的老年人不被纳入进新“三代家庭”,他们的生存空间被挤压.新“三代家庭”的出现有力地驳斥了中国工业化后农民家庭将彻底核心化的论断,说明农村家庭形态的构成有其独特的文化基础.
“礼崩乐坏”是儒家学说中的一个基本话语,春秋战国之际是历代公认的礼崩乐坏时期.但是,历史上很多时期都曾出现过所谓的礼崩乐坏现象,尤其是王朝末年、动乱时期,礼乐坏废、道德陷溺便无可避免,时人或后朝的士大夫常常发出礼崩乐坏的感叹和批评.不仅居于中原的华夏—汉族如此,少数民族政权及其士大夫也经常以三代礼乐继承者自居,感叹和批评后世的礼崩乐坏.历代感叹和批评所反映的文化心理,正是对中国礼乐传统的认同和对礼乐文脉连续性的维护,反映了统治者和士大夫想要振衰起弊、重建礼乐的决心和努力.由此,客观上导致了中国历史上礼乐制度的多次重建和传承不辍.礼的内涵,分为形而下和形而上两个层次.形而下的部分或许因时因人而变化,于是出现所谓礼崩乐坏现象;而形而上的部分即礼义却相对稳定,这正是中华礼乐文脉得以重建和传承的文化基础.
朱熹十分重视乡饮酒礼,并于庆元年间改革乡饮酒礼.他纠正了绍兴礼式中的多处不合古礼之处,并重新确定了宾、主、馔、介的座位和秩序.他将“馔”或“遵者”的角色进一步制度化、固定化,并将早先规定的“馔”的身份即“州以通判,县以丞或簿”,改为“州以倅,县以丞或簿”.这一简易、从时、通变、实用的礼制改定,反映了宋代地方按察官的制度变迁,是南宋添差、奏辟之类冗官增加以后在礼典设计上的一个制度性反映.
Knowledge-attitude-practice model is widely used in the self-management of type-2 diabetes.Through proper education,patients can gain diabetic knowledge as well as positive attitude on glucose control.By regulating diet,exercise,self glucose monitoring and medication compliance,diabetic patients are able to control blood glucose more effectively,and have less complications and higher quality of life.Researches on the application and effectiveness of various diabetic knowledge,attitude and self-management behavior scales are reviewed in this article.
中国古代在人才选拔、任用和考核等方面,具有相当完备的制度体系和长久的政治实践.凡是中国历史上稳定繁荣、国力强盛的盛世,都是人才济济、群英荟萃的阶段;反之,一旦人才选任机制不畅,俊彦"匮乏",必然国力衰弱,亡国在即了.
网络化、全球化给人文研究和人文教育带来的影响,正面和负面俱存,但不可阻挡,我们应当拥抱而不是排拒这个新时代.近年来,中国人文学术呈现出“本土化”趋势,这对于丰富世界学术的话语体系和解释框架,对于揭示和解释人类文明的多样性具有重要价值.人文学术研究有义务促进文明之间的对话.跨文化对话除了在东方与西方之间、科技与人文之间展开之外,还应当在人文学科内部各学科之间展开.以书院为载体的中国传统人文教育模式,对于补救当今高校分科教育的弊端,具有重要的借鉴意义.
中华传统文明具有连续未辍、世俗理性、开放包容、崇尚和平、伦理道德等特点,在这种文明中,中国人形成了仁爱民本、忧患担当、和合共生、厚德载物、敬老慈幼、重义轻利等价值观.经过“中国之中国”、“亚洲之中国”、“世界之中国”三个阶段,中国文明目前面临着全球化、网络化、文明冲突、文化认同等严峻形势.为了增强中国文化的软实力,在国家层面,必须大力传承和发扬中国传统文化,将中国优秀传统文化与全人类一切优秀文明成果进行对接,在文明对话和国际事务中推介中国传统价值观并赢得国际话语权;在国民个人层面,必须做到有知、有礼、有耻.
明清民间文书历来被誉为了解中国传统社会经济生活的“活标本”,近年来更是经济史、社会史和文化史研究的新生长点.最近出版的国家清史文献项目成果、张建民教授主编的《湖北天门熊氏契约文书》(湖北人民出版社2014年6月版,以下简称《熊氏契约》),从史料价值和整理水准两方面看来,都极富特色,值得关注.
Re-unscrambling the formulating history of traditional family rituals and family educations will be helpful to rehabilitate their cultural function,and also helpful to excavate their contemporary significance.In clas-sical and medieval period,family rituals were formulated by noble society,and took an important part in maintai-ning their position.The reason of upsurge of family ritual writing in Song dynasty,can not only be explained by the change between Tany and Song dynasty,but also attribute to the literati’s cultural ideality that save world, educate people and moralize social customs.Traditional family rituals contain so much good core values,which transcend space and time,and don’t conflict with modernity.Nowadays,we should inherit some traditional family rituals,including both those good values and the educating function within them;make use of them as a helpful el-ement to construct harmonious modern society.
本文对《左传》、《史记》、《越绝书》、《吴越春秋》、《新列国志》、《伍子胥》等有关"伍尚决死"的文本进行比较,这些文本对于伍子胥兄弟避吴和决死的不同选择做出了不同的评价。历史文本与文学文本之间的差异、官方文本与民间传说的差异、故事的精神内核与时代价值观念的变异造成了文本的流变。
A comparative examination of the newly unearthed writings on bamboo slips and silk and the "Sacrificial Ceremonies" section of Records of the Grand Historian(史记·封禅书 Fengsanshu) and the "Treatise on Sacrifices" in the History of the Han Dynasty(汉书· 郊祀志Jiaosizhi) will help to clarify the gradual process by which the Qin and Han empires integrated the diverse and dispersed religions into a unified religious authority.Before the Qin dynasty,different states had their own gods of mountain and waters.These deities of the great sacrificial circles of Qin,Chu,Jin,Qi,etc.were integrated by the Qin and Han empires into the system of the gods of wuyue sidu(五岳四渎 Five Mountains and Four Rivers).The government formulated unified ceremonies and systems of sacrifice while combating unauthorized sacrifices by limiting the content of private worship,banning the establishment of shrines,controlling the frequency of sacrifices and so on.They also strengthened control of shamans and their arts by giving them fixed places and times,in an attempt to do away with their local character.The establishment of official shamans in the early Han dynasty,such as those in Liang(梁),Jin(晋),Qin(秦),Jing(荆) and other areas,was not entirely a transplantation or copy of local shamanism,but rather a "reshuffle" of the country's system of shamanism in accordance with the origins of the Liu clan,in which each was artificially assigned his positions and duties.Some imperial activities,such as the sacrifices to heaven(封禅 fengshan) and tours of the country undertaken by the First Emperor of Qin and Emperor Wu of the Han,were not to pursue "blessings" for themselves,but to seek the recognition of the gods in the eastern region.After the efforts of several emperors from the First Emperor of Qin to Emperor Wu and Emperor Cheng of the Han,the process of integrating the religious authority of the country was finally completed.
近年来中国南方地区连续出土的简帛资料,包含大量的礼学信息,推动了对楚地丧葬和祭祀礼制的复原研究,也为今人超越历代经学研究提供了可能性。楚地简帛(尤其是卜筮祭祷简)所反映的丧祭内容,包括疾病占卜、祭祷神祇、初死及丧仪、丧服和丧期、祖先和庙祭、祭祷仪式等,完全可与《仪礼·士丧礼》等礼学文献进行对证考察。考察的结果表明,春秋战国时期南方楚地的丧祭礼制虽与中原地区颇有差异,但中国古代病、死、丧、葬、祭的人生礼仪,自商周以来就形成连续的系统,并未中断。楚地的丧祭礼制,对于汉代文化影响较大,此即汉承楚制的一部分。此种考察还有助于解决"三礼"文本的成书时间问题。楚简材料表明,楚人有常贞和常祷,还有散贞和散祷,前者对于复原楚地丧祭礼制更为重要。
80后写作群生活在一个自由、多元、包容的时代环境中,靠着传播媒介的拓宽,他们试图通过文学写作成名的途径也变得多元;他们还有自由的青春和张扬的个性,"生逢其时"的他们可以率真地表达,自由地倾诉.带有浓厚的自我扩张色彩的骚动和激情以及对自由生活的单纯向往便成了80后写作的总体基调,同时也成了他们的优势.
In the Chu Bamboo Book of War State presented in Shanghai Musem,recently exhibited to the public,a document printed on bamboo(including Volume A and Volume B) recorded more or less the same content as in the book Dai Li Ji.Wu Wang Jian Zuo.This is a new case of Li document printed on the bamboo book.Combing this document with 40 other published documents,a collection and annotation of documents on bamboo can be compiled.The research on the hereditary books of Li and the unearthed bamboo documents reveal three facts: first the Confucianism story of King Zou who inscribed mottos on objects to warn himself was universal acknowledged;second,the collation of volumes A and B of the Bamboo book in the War State,of the bamboo book annotated by Zheng and quoted by Kongshu in the Tang Dynasty,the hereditary helped to clear up the problems arose in the process when the book Da Dai Li passed down to the next generations;third,the book Wu Wang Jian Zuo exhibited in Shanghai Museum can be integrated with Parents of People and The Casual Residence of Confucius,but it was compiled into Dai Li and Xiao Dai Li Ji,which demonstrated that the two scholars surnamed Dai in the Han Dynasty had selected some documents from Li Ji and also supplement documents so that today we have two versions of Li Ji.Attention should be paid to the supplemented version.