通过对'奇迹''豆果''小苹果'和'阿尔波萨纳'等4个品种进行间隔定植,5年生大苗和3年生小苗间隔定植,采用株行距1.5 mX4 m进行矮化密植,测定了各品种油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)的生长情况、果实性状、果实果肉率、鲜果含水率、干果含油率等,调查了其成活率、挂果率及产量.结果表明,在苗木定植后,各品种油橄榄苗木生长良好,5年生的'奇迹''豆果'和'小苹果'大苗当年开花结果,3年生'豆果'和'阿尔波萨纳'当年零星挂果,'奇迹'未结果.4个油橄榄品种果实的纵横径、果形指数和单果质量存在显著差异.果实的果肉率由高到低依次为'小苹果'＞'豆果'＞'阿尔波萨纳'＞'奇迹',鲜果含水率由高至低为'小苹果'＞'豆果'＞'阿尔波萨纳'＞'奇迹',干果含油率由高到低依次为'豆果'＞'奇迹'＞'阿尔波萨纳'＞'小苹果'.

为探明陇南'晋龙2号'核桃果实的最佳采摘期,以'晋龙2号'为供试品种,设置7个采摘期(2020年的7月24日、7月31日、8月7日、8月14日、8月21日、8月28日、9月4日),分别测定核桃表型特征,出仁率,核仁含水率、干基含油率,核桃油脂肪酸组成及含量等主要理化特征.结果表明:随着采摘期的推迟,青果单质量、湿果单质量、核仁鲜质量、核仁干质量呈先增加后下降并趋于稳定的变化趋势,核仁含水率逐渐减小,干基含油率先逐渐增大后趋于稳定,出仁率先逐渐增加后稍有降低,说明适当推迟采摘期有利于提高核桃产量和保证良好的核仁品质.采摘期对核桃油脂肪酸组成没有影响,但不同采摘期脂肪酸含量存在差异,且核桃油脂肪酸含量由大到小的顺序为亚油酸＞油酸＞亚麻酸＞棕榈酸＞硬脂酸＞花生一烯酸.根据主成分综合得分可知,在9月4日采摘的'晋龙2号'核桃其油脂处于较佳水平.

回顾总结了甘肃省陇南市油橄榄产业发展现状和取得的成绩,对发展优势、短板与存在的问题进行了剖析,从而对陇南市油橄榄产业高质量发展提出了建议.研究发现,陇南市油橄榄产业高质量发展具备一定的区位优势、规模优势、品质品牌优势、群众优势以及政策优势,同时还存在着油橄榄产业规模小、发展体制机制不健全、产业链狭窄且较短、效益低等问题.针对陇南市油橄榄产业发展存在的问题,提出在新的历史条件下,要通过做大生产端、做强加工端、做活销售端、壮大消费端、强化支撑端、科技赋能、整合要素资源等措施,实现陇南市油橄榄产业高质量发展.

[目的]评价不同油橄榄品种的抗寒性,筛选出适宜不同海拔栽培的油橄榄品种,加强油橄榄引种工作的针对性和推广工作的区域性.[方法]以阿斯(Ascolana)、莱星(Leccino)、奇迹(Koroneiki)、鄂植8号(Ezhi8)和阿尔波萨纳(Arbosana)5个品种的8年生大树为研究对象,在自然低温条件下,设置1000和1300 m两个海拔梯度,采用随机区组试验设计,每个区组5次重复,分别测定油橄榄叶的可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、总叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸等物质含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等酶活性,结合隶属函数法评价不同品种抗寒性.[结果]自然低温下,随着海拔升高,不同品种油橄榄9个单项生理指标的变化各不相同.阿斯的总叶绿素含量、相对电导率、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、POD活性、SOD活性均升高,可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量降低,CAT活性不变;莱星的可溶性蛋白质含量、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、CAT活性、POD活性、SOD活性均升高,可溶性糖含量、总叶绿素含量降低,MDA含量不变;奇迹的相对电导率、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量、CAT活性、POD活性均提高,可溶性糖含量、总叶绿素含量、SOD活性均降低,可溶性蛋白质含量不变;鄂植8号的可溶性蛋白质、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、CAT活性均提高,可溶性糖含量、MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性均降低,总叶绿素含量不变;阿尔波萨纳可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、CAT活性、POD活性、SOD活性均提高,总叶绿素含量、MDA含量降低.[结论]随着海拔的升高,5个油橄榄品种均表现出一定的抗寒性.阿斯和阿尔波萨纳能通过提高脯氨酸含量和增强抗氧化酶活性来缓解低温胁迫造成的过氧化伤害,从而表现出较强的抗寒性.隶属函数法分析确定5个油橄榄品种的抗寒性强弱顺序为:阿斯>阿尔波萨纳>莱星>鄂植8号>奇迹.

陇南地处秦巴山、黄土高原和青藏高原交汇地带,是甘肃省长江流域唯一的亚热带气候区,独特的地理位置和气候特点造就了油橄榄得天独厚的自然优势.近年来,陇南充分挖掘油橄榄产业"独一份、特中特"的优势,延长产业链、提升价值链、共享利益链,打造特色优势品牌,提高市场竞争力,适生区群众依靠油橄榄产业发展加快脱贫攻坚步伐,促进了农民增收致富.

在油橄榄种植生产过程中,产生了大量的修剪废弃枝及榨油后的果渣,这些废弃物均未得到有效的开发利用,造成了极大的资源浪费和环境污染.实现油橄榄产业生产中间环节废弃物高值化综合开发利用,是实现经济林果产业可持续发展的重要保障之一.本试验利用熟料栽培平菇的方法,研究油橄榄枝屑、橄榄果渣和玉米芯不同配比(质量比)料栽培平菇对平菇生长发育及生物学效率的影响.结果表明:油橄榄枝屑和玉米芯配比为3:7时,出菇产量最高,生物学转化率76.67％;橄榄果渣和玉米芯配比试验发现,添加3％的橄榄果渣时,转化率最高73.84％,随着添加量增加,转化率降低.

为了解和评价施用生物有机肥对油橄榄林地土壤化学性质的改善效果,从而给油橄榄根际土壤改良及生物有机肥的高效利用提供参考依据,以甘肃省礼县鱼池村的西汉水流域油橄榄扩区驯化试验园为研究地,采用随机区组试验设计,设置施用生物有机肥和不施用生物有机肥2种处理,各区组内每个处理各设3次重复,就不同施肥处理对油橄榄林地0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层土壤化学性质的影响情况进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:与对照处理的相比,施用生物有机肥的土壤pH值(均值为8.09)降低了5.86％,而有机质(17.37 g·kg-1)、全氮(0.66 g·kg-1)、全磷(1.52 g·kg-1)、全钾(22.10 g·kg-1)、全钙(48.88 g·kg-1)、全镁(10.79 g·kg-1)和锌(75.46 mg·kg-1)含量分别升高了241.32％、43.17％、134.36％、38.23％、24.30％、29.32％和11.78％,碱解氮(115.67 mg·kg-1)、有效磷(11.58 mg·kg-1)、速效钾(148.67 mg·kg-1)、水溶性钙(0.036％)、水溶性镁(0.032％)、有效锌(1.55 mg·kg-1)和有效硼(2.94 mg·kg-1)的含量分别升高了524.10％、260.85％、542.65％、127.08％、169.44％、113.30％ 和318.01％,其中碱解氮和速效钾含量均显著提高;施用和不施用生物有机肥的各个指标在相同土层之间均存在显著差异(P<0.05).研究结果表明:施用生物有机肥对油橄榄林地土壤各养分元素含量和供肥能力均有一定程度的提升作用.

为给花椒等级鉴定提供参考,利用电子鼻PEN3.5系统对陇南34个花椒品种进行区分,将测得的响应值数据进行主成分分析、聚类分析以及响应值分析.结果表明,陇南34个花椒品种中,除河北无刺二号与清椒品种区分不显著外,其余花椒品种均区分显著,并且仅5种类型传感器(W5S、W1S、W1W、W2S、W2W)对陇南花椒果实香味响应值较大,其余类型传感器响应值较小,而且不同花椒品种传感器响应值不同.将陇南34个花椒品种分为3类,第1类为无刺大红袍母株、汉源青椒、韩城无刺、嫁接无刺大红袍,第2类为嫁接梅花椒、云华七叶青、茂汶大红袍,其余品种为第3类.其中嫁接梅花椒果实香味含量最高,果实香味含量较高的是八月椒、川陕花椒、莱芜小红椒、韩城无刺、汉源青椒、嫁接无刺大红袍、茂汶大红袍、无刺大红袍母株和云华七叶青.电子鼻适用于陇南花椒品种的区分.

陇南是中国最大的油橄榄生产基地,从基地规模化、品种良种化、管理规范化、加工精深化、品牌名优化、营销电商化、平台共享化、队伍专业化、交流国际化、宣传立体化等方面提出加快陇南油橄榄产业发展的思考.

通过对甘肃陇南主产区橄榄油市场及产销情况的调查分析,结合国外的研究成果,对中外橄榄油价值链和价格形成机制进行了比较研究,提出了通过合理界定生产者、加工者、销售者之间利益分配,充分挖掘甘肃陇南油橄榄产业“独一份、特中特”的资源优势,把“延长产业链、共享利益链、提升价值链、创新供应链”作为产业高质量发展的内在要求;提升产品质量,打造优势品牌,提高市场竞争力,加强市场监管,培育壮大消费群体,增加比较效益,做大做强中国油橄榄产业的建议.

为给油橄榄品种适应性的研究和生产中品种的选用提供参考依据,对白龙江流域的甘肃陇南宕昌沙湾、甘肃甘南舟曲立节和犀牛江流域的甘肃陇南武都龙坝、礼县龙林、西和西高山等高海拔种植基地和扩区驯化试验点的以不同方式栽培、在不同措施管理下不同品种油橄榄的受冻情况进行了调查分析.结果表明:陇南油橄榄主栽品种抗冻性(越冬性)的强弱依次为阿斯>鄂植8>城固32>莱星>科拉蒂>奇迹;新引进的西班牙油橄榄品种其抗冻性的强弱依次为豆果>柯尼卡>贺吉布兰克>曼萨尼约>恩帕雷特>皮瓜儿>阿尔伯萨娜>奇迹.

Over the past two years, China's olive Planting area was a bumper harvest year , extra virgin olive oil production has increased at rate of 30％ an annual, the government, enterprises and farmers had should be presented to the satisfaction of all the situation. However, a large number of farmer has listed to be bought of their fresh fruit , it was presented of 'queuing for salphenomenon, fruit can not be bought and pressed in time, farmer's enthusiasm was hurt and olive oil quality was reduced. In this regard, we had a comprehensive investigation and analysis of the current problems, combined with foreign research results, to researched the domestic and foreign olive oil market, has found our country disadvantages of in oil olive industry development and the existence question, and has carried on the forecast to our country oil olive industry development. Indicated that there is a lot of demand for olive oil consumer In China, and vigorously support at all levels of government, key factors restricting the healthy development of the industry had being resolved, speeding up the development of policies, technologies, talents,markets. The development prospect of olive industry is very broad.

In order to improve the intensive cultivation and management techniques of high density olive garden, through determining increment and yield of different varieties in the olive traditional orchard and high density orchard, and analyzing costs of establishing orchard in Wudu of Gansu, some appropriate conditions, varieties, and density were preliminary selected out. The results showed that tree height increment in the traditional orchard was 119% of tree height increment in the high-density orchard, ground diameter increment in the traditional orchard was 112% of ground diameter increment in the high-density orchard, but yield of the traditional orchard was 62% of yield of the high-density orchard. In the 8 introduced varieties from Spain, the three varieties of ‘Arbequina’, ‘Arbosana’ and ‘Koroneiki’ were suitable for establishing intensive orchard. The ratio of the establishing cost of the traditional orchard was 1︰6.24 to that of the high-density orchard. In the high water and fertilizer conditions, the ratio of yield of the traditional orchard was 1︰4.481 to that of the high-density orchard. Therefore, at the lfat land area, using appropriate intensive cultivation varieties, through integrated high and new technology achievements and advanced management methods, could improve output per unit area, greatly save manpower and land cost, and achieve the goals of high quality, early fruiting, high yield, stable yield, and the olive intensive cultivation techniques should to be vigorously extended in production practice.

In order to look for the long‐term development of planting olive areas in Longnan city ,13 domestication research trials points of olive expanding areas in 4 drainage areas which were the Bailong River ,the Baishui River , the Jialing River and the Xihanshui in Longnan City .Through the inquisition of basic statistics of the pilot districts , weather conditions and olive growth performance .It reached sort of different drainage areas which was suit for planting olive industry and the suitable areas of different levels in each pilot districts .Put forward a series of meas‐ures for olive cultivation techniques and raised scientific basis of different areas in Longnan city to develop the olive planting industry .

犀牛江流域是陇南市"三江一水"流域之一,首次栽植油橄榄(Olea europaea)"莱星"、"佛奥"和"鄂植8"品种,初步对其树体基本生长性状、物候期及抗病虫害和抗寒性调查研究,将为以后选择适宜品种、扩大种植区域提供生产实践依据.

绿色无公害生产技术是国内外普遍应用的果园生产技术，通过对甘肃陇南市经济林研究院油橄榄研究所大堡油橄榄科研试验园的绿色无公害生产技术的实例分析，总结出油橄榄绿色无公害生产管理技术，为油橄榄种植者提供参考。

In order to analyze the soils property of 12 domesticated cultivation areas ,we collected soil samples from each olea europaea expansion area and study pH ,total nitrogen ,total phosphorus and rapidly‐available potassium . The results show that pH of all pilot areas are neutral or weak alkaline ,with an average of 7 .36 .which is suitable for olea europaea .Total nitrogen is relatively low ,with an average of 0 .0939% .Total phosphorus and rapidly‐a‐vailable potassium are relatively high ,with an average of 0 .098% and 211 .6mg/kg respectively .Fertility of soil from different river basin and soil type is similar to each other ,but it is closely related to human activity .To improve the olive gardens soil fertility ,appropriate and effective way should be selected according to the soil fertility conditions of different pilot districts .

介绍了油橄榄高位多头腹接技术,包括嫁接时间、嫁接树的选择,接穗的采集与处理方法,嫁接方法以及嫁接后管理等方面的内容,以期为低产油橄榄园改造提供技术参考.

Four hundred and thirty-six specimens of moths were collected from Longnan olive planting area between 2013 and 2014. Forty-two species belonging to 35 genera,13 families were identified including nine species of Geometridae,nine of Arctiidae,seven of Notodontidae,five of Noctuidae,three of Pyralidae,two of Cossidae,and one of Heliodinidae,Drepanidae,Amatidae,Saturniidae,Lasiocampidae,Sphingidae and Limacodidae respectively. Among them,nineteen were newrecords in Gansu province.

In recent years, diseases and insect pests have been found in part of the olive gardens at Wudu county, Wenxian county and Dangchang county. The occurrence of diseases and insect pests has seriously affected the development and industrialization process. The paper summarized several main diseases and insect pests and the corresponding prevention measures by investigation, observation and prevention experiment in order to prevent and eliminate early and timely.