Biochar application to soil has proven to be an excellent approach for decreasing the concentration of auto-toxic compounds and promoting plant growth in continuous-cropping fields. However, the mechanisms underlying the action pathway among biochars, auto-toxic compounds and tobacco remain unknown. In this study, we conducted an experiment tracking the incidence rate of black rot and auto-toxic compounds for a 3-year continuous-cropping tobacco pot trial in response to biochar treatment intensity compared with that of non-biochar treatment. Biochar inhibited the incidence of black rot. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS/MS), we revealed that biochar can effectively decrease the concentration of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHA), which is associated with the incidence rate of black rot (R2 = 0.890, p < 0.05). The sorption kinetics and isotherm of PHA sorption on biochar indicate that the coexistence of heterogeneous and monolayer sorption plays an important role in the adsorption process. Using Molecular dynamics (MD), Density functional theory (DFT) and Independent gradient model (IGM) analyses, we provide evidence that van der Waals force (vdW), π–π bonds and H-bonds between biochar and PHAs are the dominant factors that affect adsorption capacity. Moreover, the molecular adsorption rate (Nbiochar: NPHAs = 1:4) was theoretically calculated. In contrast, biochar dramatically increased nutrient retention capacity and improved soil properties, further enhancing tobacco quality, including its agronomic and physiological traits. Therefore, we considered that biochar not only relieved continuous cropping but also improved soil properties suitable for tobacco growth. Together, we demonstrate that the action of biochar in continuously cropped soil improves soil traits and alleviates auto-toxic compound toxicity. These data contribute to the direction of modified biochar application to improve continuous-cropping soil.

[目的]鉴定评价不同来源晒黄烟种质资源,筛选出适宜贵州不同生态区的优质晒黄烟品种,为其在生产上的推广应用提供依据.[方法]采用随机区组试验方法,研究青梗、千层塔、腾冲大柳叶、羊角烟、连选1、81-26、湖北大黄烟、寸三皮、K16(CK1)和K17(CK2)10个引种晒黄烟主要农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分含量、抗病性、烟叶外观质量及感官质量的变化.[结果]10个晒黄烟品种除寸三皮和千层塔外大田主要生育期均较为适宜;腾冲大柳叶、湖北大黄烟和寸三皮的株型均为塔形,其余品种均为筒形;青梗的叶形为卵圆形,腾冲大柳叶为椭圆形,81-26和寸三皮均为长卵圆形,其余品种均宽椭圆形;羊角烟和寸三皮的叶色为深绿,青梗和千层塔为绿,81-26、K16和K17为浅绿,腾冲大柳叶、连选1和湖北大黄烟为黄绿;各品种株高、有效叶数、茎围、节距、腰叶长和腰叶宽分别为123.5～239.7 cm、11.7～20.8片、10.8～13.8 cm、3.0～6.6 cm、55.1～78.1 cm和32.4～48.7 cm,分别以青梗、K16(CK1)、81-26和湖北大黄烟最高/多/大/长/宽,寸三皮、千层塔和腾冲大柳叶最矮/少/小/短/窄.气候性斑点病、花叶病和白粉病均未发生.不同品种产量、均价和产值分别为 76.48～162.95 kg/667m2、12.11～22.64 元/kg 和 1 072.50～3 681.05 元/667m2,依次为寸三皮＞连选1＞81-26＞K16(CK1)＞K17(CK2)＞青梗＞千层塔＞湖北大黄烟＞羊角烟＞腾冲大柳叶、连选1＞腾冲大柳叶＞寸三皮＞K16(CK1)＞湖北大黄烟＞K17(CK2)＞青梗＞81-26＞羊角烟＞千层塔和连选1＞寸三皮＞K16(CK1)＞K17(CK2)＞81-26＞青梗＞腾冲大柳叶＞湖北大黄烟＞千层塔＞羊角烟.烟碱含量适宜的品种为湖北大黄烟和羊角烟,总糖和还原糖含量适宜的品种均为青梗和K17(CK2),总氮含量适宜的品种有千层塔、腾冲大柳叶、羊角烟、连选1、湖北大黄烟和寸三皮,钾含量适宜的品种有千层塔、腾冲大柳叶和湖北大黄烟,氯含量适宜的品种有千层塔和腾冲大柳叶.感官评吸质量综合表现较好的品种为青梗、连选1、81-26、寸三皮、K16(CK1)和K17(CK2).[结论]综合抗病性、外观质量、化学成分含量和感官评吸质量,连选1和寸三皮表现较好,K16和K17表现中等,81-26、青梗、腾冲大柳叶和湖北大黄烟表现一般,羊角烟和千层塔表现较差.

以云烟87中部叶为供试材料,研究了不同含青度(CK:CF3;T1:轻度含青;T2:中度含青)对烤后烟叶致香物质含量与感官质量的影响.结果表明:烤后烟叶T1和T2含青处理有利于提高清甜香型烟叶醇类、酮类致香物质的含量,但不利于提高醛类、酯类和杂环致香物质的含量;不同含青度烤后烟叶致香物质含量在一定程度上可以反映烟叶的成熟度和含青度,含青烟叶的新植二烯含量较低;从总类致香物质总量来看,T1处理的含量最高(1016.84 μg/g),CK的居中(946.07 μg/g),T2处理的含量最低(936.32 μg/g);感官质量评价以T1处理最佳,其次是CK,T2处理最差;工业可用性以T1处理和CK较好.综上,烤后烟叶感官评吸质量评价是多种致香物质共同作用的结果,而非某一类致香物质,适当的含青度有利于彰显烟叶清甜香型风格,可提高烤后烟叶总类致香物质的总量、感官质量和工业可用性.

在烟叶收购过程中,等级判定工作主要由烟叶站主评员进行,受到专业化分级队伍分级质量、定级环境等因素影响,各烟叶产区收购烟叶等级都不同程度存在偏高、偏低、混等级、混部位、混青杂等问题,导致烟农和卷烟工业客户满意度不够高,直接影响产区烟叶产业高质量发展.为确保收购烟叶质量等级,文章深入分析当前A市开展的烤烟专业分级模式存在的问题及其原因,并提出优化烟叶收购模式的措施,以期为烟叶收购工作提供参考.

为评价不同烤烟品种在毕节烟区的生态适应性,以云烟 87 为对照,对CF8704、云烟 121、贵烟 4 号、HB202、GZ36 和云烟 301 等 6 个品种进行试验,研究各品种农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分和感官质量的差异,并采用Topsis法进行综合评价.结果表明,CF8704、贵烟 4 号和云烟 121 农艺性状表现较好;云烟 121 的均价和上等烟率最高,CF8704 和云烟 121 经济性状表现较好;各品种烟叶化学成分整体协调,以GZ36、云烟121 和云烟 301 表现较好;感官质量以云烟 121 和GZ36 表现较好.各品种综合评价排名云烟 121 第一,其余品种低于对照云烟 87,说明云烟 121 适宜在毕节烟区种植.

为筛选适合毕节烟区生态条件的烤烟新品种,2020年在毕节市田坝桥镇以K326和云烟87为对照,对10个烤烟新品种的农艺性状、经济性状及烟叶质量进行比较分析,并采用灰色关联度分析法进行综合评价.结果表明:GZ39和GZ37综合农艺性状较好,GZ37、GZ39和CF235的产量、产值较高;各品种烟叶外观质量均优于对照K326,烟叶化学成分整体协调;GZ21的感官质量与云烟87相当,其余品种与K326相当;GZ37和GZ39的等权关联度值分别为12.0102、11.2116,明显高于其他品种.综合分析,GZ37和GZ39的综合表现较好,可在毕节烟区进一步示范推广.

为有效解决当前烤烟专业化分级散叶收购存在的问题,贵州省烟草公司毕节市分公司优化了烟叶流程管理过程,探索分段管理专业化散叶收购模式,有效提高了烟农收入,减少烟农售烟等待时间,提高了收购烟叶的等级合格率,建立了一套烟叶流通过程中收购环节的产品质量追溯管理机制,为烟叶流通体制改革探索了一条新的路径.

通过田间试验研究了8个烤烟品种的生育期、农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分及感官质量差异,并采用灰色关联度分析对其进行综合性状评价.结果表明,T64的生育期较长,T64、贵烟202和云烟100的株高较高,T64、NC102和NC196的有效叶数较多,云烟100、贵烟202和云烟99的叶片较宽大;云烟99、贵烟202、云烟100的产量、产值较高,化学成分协调性较好;贵烟202和云烟100的感官质量与云烟87相当.灰色关联度分析结果显示,贵烟202、云烟100和云烟99的等权关联度值较高,表明贵烟202、云烟100和云烟99综合性状表现最好,在毕节烟区种植适应性强,有待进一步示范验证.

为了明确有机栽培方式对烤烟生长及品质的影响,以K326烤烟品种为研究对象,研究常规与有机栽培方式对贵州省毕节市山地烟株生长发育、生理生化指标、烟叶质量的影响.结果表明:1)2种栽培方式下植株干重随生长发育过程表现出明显的Logistic生长曲线,常规栽培方式的生物积累量大,但是后期有机栽培方式的生物量增加显著.2)2种栽培方式下中部烟叶的光合色素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均呈先升后降的变化趋势.常规栽培烟叶的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均表现出前期(30～60 d)高于有机栽培烟叶、后期(60～90 d)低于有机栽培烟叶的趋势.3)有机栽培烟叶的烟碱、总氮和蛋白质含量均明显低于常规栽培烟叶,有机栽培烟叶的上部叶和中部叶烟碱含量均显著低于常规栽培烟叶,烟株碳氮营养平衡得到改善.4)有机栽培方式的中部烟叶致香成分总量略低于常规栽培方式,但有机栽培方式可较大幅度提高上部烟叶致香成分总量.综上所述,有机栽培方式可以改善提高烟叶(特别是上部叶)的品质.

针对当前烟叶调拨质量控制环节入库验收主要采用"抽样检验"中存在的一些问题,贵州省毕节市烟区2020年在烟叶入库验收中采取了"逐包复检"检验模式,通过组建专业技能人才队伍、统一逐包复检作业模式、配套逐包复检作业设施、严格执行复检流程标准和全面实现信息反馈等5项具体措施,取得了烟叶商品质量明显提高,烟农种植积极性明显提升,市场订单稳中有增,经济、社会效率"三方"满意等明显成效,表明了逐包复检模式在烟叶入库验收中的应用能够有效提升入库烟叶的等级合格率,提高供应烟叶批次间的均匀性.

为探究不同形态氮素配比对植烟土壤氮素分布、产质量的影响,以云烟87为参试品种,试验设T1(100％NO3--N)、T2(70％NO3--N:30％NH4+-N)、T3(50％NO3--N:50％NH4+-N)、T4(30％NO3--N:70％NH4+-N)、T5(100％NH4+-N)5个处理,对0～40 cm土层植烟土壤不同形态无机氮分布、烟株农艺性状及产质量进行比较.结果表明,各处理0～20 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量在栽后30 d时随硝态氮施用比例增加而逐渐降低,60、75 d时,单一施用铵态氮(T5)处理硝态氮含量显著大于其他处理.栽后30、45 d,20～40 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量随硝态氮施用比例的增加而增加.20～40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量生育期内与硝铵态氮施入量无明显关系.0～40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量在生长前期受施氮影响较大,30 d后各土层无机氮含量无明显规律.不同硝铵态氮配比对烤烟产值的影响不大,各处理间差异不显著;烟碱含量、总氮含量和氯离子含量与硝铵态氮比值呈极显著负相关,总糖含量、还原糖含量和钾离子含量与硝铵态氮比值呈极显著正相关,不同形态氮配比对烤烟常规化学成分含量的影响较大.

In order to explore the quality grade of tobacco leaves in the specialized grading and loose -leaf purchasing system , and increase the qualified rate of grading , we carried out the classification and comparative analysis of quality grade of tobacco leaves in the specialized grading and loose -leaf purchasing system and the bundle -leaf purchasing system in Bijie city during 2009~2012.The results showed that the specialized grading and loose -leaf purchasing system had high purity of tobacco leaf grade , the number of other grades mixing into a sampled grade was 1~3, the average proportion of sampled grade containing adjacent grade was 29.68%, and that of sampled grade containing original and adjacent grade was 95.71%, which were respectively 2.7 (in aver-age) lower, 9.61 percent higher , and 18.82 percent higher than those in the bundle -leaf purchasing system .Therefore, the pro-portion of sampled tobacco leaf grade containing original grade or containing original and adjacent grade in the specialized grading and loose-leaf purchasing system reached the demand of tobacco industrial enterprises .

[Objective] The purpose was to provide the basis for the development of characteristic tobacco and extension of the new flue-cured tobacco variety of Jiucaiping 2 in Bijie region.[Method] With K326 as CK,the appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco,chemical composition of cured tobacco leaves and the economic characters,sensory quality of quantitative tobacco leaves in the new flue-cured tobacco variety Jiucaiping 2 were analyzed and tobacco leaf quality was comprehensively evaluated.[Result] The variegated tobacco of Jiucaiping 2 was less with good maturity and higher aroma,the contents of total sugar,reducing sugar and starch of tobacco with the same grade were higher than that of CK,the contents of nicotine and total nitrogen were lower than that of CK,the potassium/chlorine ratio was more harmonious,the protein content was equivalent to CK,and the economic characters of output,mean price and production value were higher than CK.[Conclusion] Compared with K326,the general level of appearance quality and inherent sense for Jiucaiping 2 was slightly better,the chemical composition of cured tobacco leaves was harmonious,economic output of tobacco leaves was high and appraisal on preliminary industrial verification was good,but cultivation and modulation measures should be further improved.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect bio-organic fertilizer application on accumulation,uptake and contents of N,P and K in flue-cured tobacco.The results showed that application of bio-organic fertilizer could improve the accumulation of N,P,K in tobacco plants.The accumulation in flue-cured tobacco plant,from high to low,was T3(75% bio-organic fertilizer) T2(50%) T1(25%) CK(0%) for N,and T2T1T3CK for K.For accumulation in separate plants,it was 5.29,4.84,4.20,3.55 g for N,and 4.92,4.59,4.58,3.92 g for K,respectively.In 50 days after transplantation,regarding uptake rate,it was definitely improved for N in all treatments of bio-organic fertilizer application,and for P it was improved in treatment of 50% but decreased in treatment of 75% bio-organic fertilizer application.For K,it gradually increased in rosette stage and reached peak around 50 days after transplantation.It is concluded that application of bio-organic fertilizer can improve the contents of N,P and K in tobacco plants of active growth stage,enhancing the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco in fields,and resulting in increased potassium contents of cured tobacco leaves.

The results of experiment indicated that the amount of bacteria,fungi and actinomyce of soil was increased,the activity of sucrase,urease,and Catalase of soil was increased too,promoted the growing of tobacco plants and economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco after applying rapeseeds cake in soil.The amount of microbes of paddy soil was more than that of dry soil,its enzymes activity was also higher than that of dry soil.The tobacco plants grew well in paddy soil and its economic characteristics was better than that of dry soil.For tobacco leaf of paddy soil,its content of nitrogenous compounds was high,and the balance of chemical components was not ideal.The smoking quality of tobacco leaf of dry soil applied with rapeseeds cake was best,but it was worst for the dry soil applied no rapeseeds cake.

The K326,Yunyan85,NC82 and Hongda varieties were planted in Qianxi of Guizhou province in 2006,and some indexes,such as biological characters,yield,crackajack tobacoo ratio were analyzed.The results showed that Yunyan 85 and K326 had better ecological adaptability than the other varieties,and the economic character of Hongda was bad for the reason of flue-cured skill and etc.

The results of experiment indicated that the activity of sucrase, urease, and Catalase of soil was increased, promoted the growing of tobacco plants and economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco after applying rapeseeds cake in soil; the enzymes activity of paddy soil was higher than that of dry soil, the tobacco plants grew well in paddy soil and its economic characteristics was better than that of dry soil; for tobacco leaf of paddy soil, its content of nitrogenous compounds was high, and the balance of chemical components was not ideal; the smoking quality of tobacco leaf of dry soil applied with rapeseeds cake was best, but it was worst for the dry soil applied no rapeseeds cake.

The chemical composition of 464 different grade tobacco leaves planted on different elevation in Bijie prefecture was determined.The results show that the proportion of main different chemical composition in tobacco leaves is balance totally;the total sugar content is slightly higher than the middle level,the ratio between reducing sugar and total sugar is up to(0.8) in 80% of the tested samples,the nicotine content is at the middle level,the average nicotine content of lower,middle and upper position leaves are 1.49%,2.23% and 3.08% respectively and the nicotine content of only 10% of the tested samples is higher than the normal level,the K and Cl contents of most tested sample are at the suitable level and the ratios of sugar to nicotine,K to Cl and N to nicotine are all at the middle level.