大范围的灌溉管理移交于20世纪80年代在国际范围兴起，本文基于文献研究，介绍灌溉管理移交的缘起，灌溉管理移交的类型和目的，并希望通过介绍分析国外灌溉管理移交的经验和教训为中国的灌溉管理改革提供参考。本文针对中国的现实情况，提出如下建议：灌溉管理移交的实践需要做好设施、制度、培训等条件准备，灌溉管理移交应注重本土化路径选择和制度设计，灌溉管理移交要明确灌设施公益性的定位和政府的责任。此外，本文还对灌溉管理移交的绩效和参与式溉灌溉管理的最优参与等方面提出建议。

Irrigation in northern China is exposed to declining groundwater resources and institutional issues. As a response, authorities have developed measures that include differentiated resource allocation and charging, collective and individual water rights, a block pricing system, prepaid access to water, and real-time monitoring of resource and use. This paper analyses this alternative management model and its implications at the farm and system levels, using institutional, technical and economic analyses of case studies from Qingxu County, northern China. The results show that the prepaid system helps solve cost-recovery, free-riding, agency and resource overuse problems. All water fees are prepaid, therefore fully collected. However, while most operation and maintenance costs are covered, personnel costs are covered in only one case, due to low water fees. The agency problem is also addressed by the continuous monitoring of water resources. Water use value is high compared to actual water fees, owing to high maize yields and reasonable use of supplemental irrigation. This indicates potential for a water price increase, if needed. This paper shows that the new management system at the county level epitomizes China's whole rural financial reform and the realignment of local water institutions with public administrative layers. It finally discusses achievements, pending questions and limitations for long-term impacts. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

政府机构改革和职能转变的大背景下，“全能型政府”转变为“有限政府”，社会组织去行政化成为总体的改革趋势。我国农村一些社会组织存在明显的“两栖”属性，即官民两重性。本文分析了“两栖”类农村社会组织官民两重性存在的原因和理性，及其改革趋势。

本文梳理了民主测量和幸福感影响因素的相关文献,并探讨了民主与幸福感的关系.研究认为,影响幸福感水平的因素是多样的,不能简单地判断民主是否能带来幸福感,文化、经济发展水平、社会的转型等都会影响民主和幸福感的关系.此外,幸福感对民主和制度也可能具有反作用.高水平的幸福感可以帮助确立民主制度的合法性,确保民主制度的持续性.

Phytic acid in grains affects the bioavailability of minerals and nutrients in monogastric animals. Physicochemical properties of Sang-gol, a low-phytate rice cultivar developed to decrease anti-nutrient effect of phytic acid, were compared with those of its parent rice cultivar Il-pum. The amylose content of Sang-gol was lower, but its crude protein content was not significantly different compare with Il-pum. Texture profiles of cooked rice, except for hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness, did not show any differences. The hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness of the Sang-gol were lower than that of Il-pum. Pasting characteristics, peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity of Sanggol were higher, and breakdown was lower, as compared to Il-pum. Setback of Il-pum was significantly (p <0.01) lower than Ilpum. The pasting temperatures of Sang-gol and Il-pum were very similar (68.1 and 68.0°C), respectively.

通过对34个村的实地调查发现,我国一些地区小型农田水利设施管理存在市场化趋势,一些地区私人管理出现了水价提高、部分农户不能获得及时灌溉和设施维护得不到保障的情况.对于已经承包或拍卖的小型农田水利设施的管理出现了私人和用水户协会相结合的管理模式,这是一种有益的尝试,一定程度上缓解了私人管理追求利益最大化与提供公共服务的矛盾.

This study investigated the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts of dried jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). The phenolic content in jujube peel was 53 times higher than that found in the pulp. A phenolic assay revealed that p-coumaric acid, catechin, epicatechin, and rutin were the major phenolic components in jujube peel. The damage caused to rat erythrocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was ameliorated by treatment with the jujube peel phenolic extracts. Compared with the control, the hemolytic level in erythrocytes treated with 10 mu M free or bound phenols from jujube peel was reduced by 42.1% or 44.0%, while the malondialdehyde level was reduced by 31.2% or 29.3%, respectively. (HO2)-O-2-induced ferryl hemoglobin formation in erythrocytes was also inhibited by free or bound phenolics extracted from jujube peel. These results demonstrated that jujube phenolic extracts could prevent hemolysis of and lipid peroxidation in the erythrocytes and could be a promising source of antioxidants.

基于农户的生计资产体系,以甘肃省西河县XJ村为例,分析2008年汶川地震灾害对农村贫困的影响。地震灾害发生后,直接受到损害的是物质资本、人力资本和自然资本。其中损失最严重的就是体现为现实物质的物质资本,因此灾后农户的生活状况明显下降。为了维持基本生活,贫困农户必须将能够直接用于交换的少量的金融资本转化为物质资本。此时的农户虽然物质资本有所恢复,但由于金融资本的极度匮乏,短期内其贫困程度表现为大幅加深。长期内地震灾害增加了农户走出贫困的难度。

农业是重要的温室气体排放源之一,应对气候变化在清洁发展机制(CDM)框架下,农业碳交易的发展潜力巨大。贫困人口对农业的依赖程度高,受到气候变化的影响更大。农业碳交易旨在降低农业碳排放的同时,帮助贫困地区实现可持续发展。农业碳交易对农村扶贫既有促进作用,也存在局限,应重视农业碳交易未来扶助贫困地区发展的对策。

This paper introduced the development and practice of public-private joint management of foreign system of water supply,and summarized the obligation of government and probable risks in this joint pattern.Based on this,it pointed out that this joint pattern of public-private management had some implications on involvement of private sector in project of rural water supply.

<正>当前,我国经济增速的下滑已成为经济运行的主要矛盾。对此,党中央、国务院做出了重要部署。我们必须认真坚决地贯彻落实中央确定的各项政策措施,进一步扩大国内需求。

<正> 2007年是不平凡的一年,是落实科学发展观和构建和谐社会的重要一年。面对复杂多变的国际经济环境和国内经济运行中的突出矛盾,党中央、国务院及时出台了一系列宏观调控措施,取得了成效。第一,经济增长偏快的势头得到了遏制。经济增长进入下半年以来逐

<正> 今年我国粮食将连续第五年获得丰收。全国夏粮产量2408亿斤,比上年增产61亿斤,增长2.6%。早稻产量632亿斤,比上年略增1.2亿斤。秋粮在面积扩大和单产提高的共同推动下,再获丰收已成定局,粮食总产预计-将创造新的历史记录。粮食丰收原因是多方面的,就今年而言,既有种粮面积增加

<正>"防止经济增长由偏快转为过热、防止价格由结构性上涨演变为明显的通货膨胀",是2008年宏观调控的首要任务。改革开放以来,我国曾经历了三次较严重的通货膨胀,分别发生在1980年、1988年和1994年

本课题组针对《农业法》第九章"农民权益保护"的实施情况在全国6个省12个县24个乡60个村展开调查.调查发现,农民权益特别是经济权益的状况有了较大的改善,但是,农民的权利意识弱,对与权益相关法律的知晓程度不高,28.4%的农民认为权益受损,受损权益排在前五位的是农业生产资料质量、土地权益、知情权、农民负担和基层政府对农民反映问题的态度.此外,贫富差距和地区之间的异质性会导致农民群体内部的权益状况出现差异.

<正>长期以来,我国农业用水在各行业中以及在地下水的使用中所占的比例最大,然而相当数量的农民没有认识到水资源的稀缺性,对水资源的危机意识不足。随着经济社会的发展和人口数量的增多,

北京是资源型缺水城市,水资源的稀缺引发了各用水部门在水资源使用中的竞争和冲突。本研究分析了农村在水资源配置中劣势地位的现状、原因及由此引发的问题并相应提出了研究建议。

<正>首次出现于美国著名经济学家罗纳德-凯恩斯名作《就业、利息与货币通论》中的"流动性"一词无论是对于中国官员还是普通百姓都不再陌生,特别是当这一带着浓重学术味道的名词走进总理的政府工作报告之中后,几乎所有的人都掂出了它的特有份量。流动

农村地下水资源管理中的水权冲突体现在两个层面,宏观层面的水权冲突和农村社区层面的水权冲突。宏观层面水权冲突表现为农村在水资源配置中的劣势地位。农村社区层面的水权冲突易导致农村地下水使用中的逆向选择和道德风险行为。农村地下水使用中的两个层面的冲突可能会影响农村的稳定和农村地下水资源的可持续利用。

<正> 今年上半年,全国货物进出口继续保持快速增长,特别是出口在上年高增长的基础上增幅又提高了2.4个百分点,进口增长同比却回落了3.1个百分点,致使贸易顺差持续扩大,上半年实现顺差1125亿美元,比上年同期多增511亿美元,同比增长83.1%,比上年同期提高28.2个百分点。分季看,二季度月均顺差达到220亿美元,比一季度月均顺差扩大65亿美元。从顺差来源地来看,主要顺差来源地贸