目的 观察肾气丸对糖尿病ZDF大鼠肾脏损伤的影响及对足细胞损伤的干预作用.方法 实验分为对照组[ZDF(fa/+),14只]、模型组[ZDF(fa/fa),20只]及肾气丸组[ZDF(fa/fa)+肾气丸,20只].对照及模型组大鼠每日灌服生理盐水(10 mL/kg),肾气丸组每天灌服肾气丸水煎液(8.12 g/kg).饲养期间,记录大鼠一般状态,定期称重并于12、16、20周龄测定空腹血糖.治疗4周后(16周龄)或治疗8周后(20周龄)处死大鼠,收集血清及24 h尿液.检测血清中总胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)、血肌酐(CREA)、血尿酸(UA)、血尿素氮(BUN)及尿微量白蛋白的含量,取肾组织进行形态学观察,免疫荧光法检测足细胞标志物nephrin的表达水平.结果 与对照组比较,16周龄和20周龄模型组大鼠体重增长率明显下降(P<0.05),空腹血糖水平显著升高(P<0.05),血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、肌酐、尿酸及尿微量白蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05);肾脏形态学表现为肾小球毛细血管扩张,肾小球纤维化、硬化,系膜区增宽,肾小管上皮细胞空泡样改变及糖原沉积,肾小管萎缩,管腔内蛋白管型,间质胶原组织增多;超微结构显示肾小球基底膜增厚,足细胞线粒体肿胀,足突融合;模型组肾组织足细胞标志物nephrin表达减少;相较模型组,肾气丸治疗4或8周后,大鼠体重增长率明显上调(P<0.05),空腹血糖水平显著降低(P<0.05),血清甘油三酯、肌酐、尿酸及尿微量白蛋白水平显著减少(P<0.05),肾组织病理损伤减轻,nephrin表达增强.结论 肾气丸可减轻糖尿病大鼠肾脏病理损害,改善肾功能,维护足细胞结构和功能,发挥肾脏保护作用.

目的 探讨肾气丸对糖尿病ZDF大鼠肾损伤的干预作用及其作用机制是否为通过PERK通路降低ERS.方法 12周龄雄性ZDF(fa/fa)大鼠随机分为模型组与肾气丸组,同周龄雄性ZDF(fa/+)大鼠为对照组.肾气丸组每日灌服肾气丸水煎液(8.12 g/kg),对照组和模型组每日灌服等量生理盐水.定期观察大鼠一般状态并检测空腹血糖及24 h尿微量白蛋白.16周龄时取材,运用PAS、Masson、PAM-HE染色观察肾组织病理变化,检测肾组织GRP78、PERK、eIF2α、ATF4等因子表达水平.结果 模型组大鼠出现体重增长缓慢、体毛光泽度减弱、活动不积极等表现,肾气丸组较模型组相比大鼠体重稳定增长,体毛光亮,活动较正常.模型组大鼠空腹血糖和24 h尿微量白蛋白均显著高于对照组,肾气丸组较模型组明显降低(P<0.05).模型组肾小球毛细血管扩张,基膜不规则增厚,系膜区增宽,部分肾小球出现节段性硬化;可见肾小管萎缩,肾间质纤维组织增生.灌服肾气丸后,肾病理变化明显减轻.模型组GRP78、PERK和eIF2α的mRNA和蛋白表达均显著高于对照组,肾气丸组显著低于模型组(P<0.05);模型组和肾气丸组ATF4的mRNA表达无差异,但肾气丸组ATF4的蛋白明显低于模型组(P<0.05).结论 肾气丸可能通过影响内质网应激PERK通路减轻糖尿病ZDF大鼠的肾损伤.

目的 回顾性探究基于案例教学法(case-based learning,CBL)的半翻转课堂教学模式在病理生理学本科生线上教学中的应用.方法 选取北京中医药大学2017—2020年病理生理学授课学习的所有本科生,分为对照组(2017—2019年以传统课堂模式教学的本科生)和实验组(2020年基于CBL的半翻转课堂教学的本科生),教学完成后,针对学生的教学满意度等问卷调查、期末考试成绩以及教学督导专家意见进行总结.结果 与传统的教学模式相比,学生对基于CBL的半翻转课堂线上教学模式中教师的教学以及学生的学习效果评价较好[自主学习能力(3.96±0.93)分、满足个人学习要求(3.95±0.86)分、知识掌握情况(3.80±0.86)分];与其他线上平台相比,利用微信授课易被学生接受[(3.87±1.03)分];线上授课[实验组2020年成绩为85.0(81.0,89.0)分]的学生期末考试成绩较传统课堂教学模式[对照组:2017年、2018年、2019年成绩分别为75.0(66.5,83.5)分、73.0(67.0,80.0)分、76.0(67.5,84.5)分]明显提高(P<0.001);教学督导专家也有积极的评价.结论 基于CBL的半翻转课堂在病理生理学本科生线上教学效果好,学生满意度高,是一种值得尝试的教学模式.

To understand the current British people's attitudes towards TCM and its influencing factors through a questionnaire survey; To provide data reference for the subsequent international dissemination of TCM. A sample of 200 British people (from Norwich and London) were selected randomly from June 5, 2021 to November 1, 2021 by snowball sampling method, and a questionnaire investigation was launched based on the design of demographic characteristics and Identity Scale of Chinese Medicine (CMIS) and etc. The average sores of CMIS were (71.53±0.76) points. 89.2% of British population showed no difference on attitudes towards TCM, and 10.8% of it showed more confidence in TCM. The single factor analysis showed that the age and education level mainly determine whether they accept TCM. The current attitudes towards TCM among British population are positive and optimistic. In the future, while maintaining the existing treatment advantages of TCM in the UK, it is necessary to conduct targeted promotions based on research of diseases for which TCM treatment has strengths in different age groups of local residents. Establishment of brands with TCM features is also a good way to increase the popularity of TCM. And multiple methods like new media, especially the coverage of local mainstream media, should be emphasized and used for the promotion of TCM and improvement of cognition level among British people.

针对“两张皮”“贴标签”等高校课程思政建设中存在的不足之处，从论述课程思政是加强高校思想政治工作的重要切入点，结合中医药院校病理学课程特色，深度挖掘课程中蕴含的思政元素，从爱国奉献、敬业奋斗、求真务实、实践创新等四个方面，构建课程思政的有效策略和方法。首先，明确病理学课程思政建设目标、科学设计病理学课程思政教学体系；其次，加强病理学课程思政建设的组织领导、提高教师的思想政治工作水平；最后，制定病理学课程的特色育人目标、建立第一课堂和第二课堂相联动的育人模式和建立体现三全育人标准的病理学课程考核评价体系。课

目的 基于网络药理学预测桃红四物汤治疗子宫内膜异位症(EMs)的主要活性成分、靶标及信号通路,探讨其潜在生物学机制.方法 通过中药系统药理数据库和分析平台(TCMSP)数据库检索桃红四物汤的中药化学成分,以口服生物利用度(OB》 ≥30％和类药性(DL) ≥0.18为阈值筛选潜在的活性化合物;通过TCMSP数据库查询活性化合物对应的靶标;运用GeneCards数据库对疾病靶点进行预测;利用韦恩图找到活性成分靶点和疾病靶点的交集靶点;使用Cy-toscape 3.7.2软件构建药物有效成分-靶点蛋白相互作用网络;采用String在线数据库绘制交集靶点蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络;最后利用Bioconductor生物信息软件包,借助R软件进行基因本体(GO)功能富集分析、京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析.结果 筛选得到桃红四物汤活性成分69个,对应靶点155个,EMs相关靶点1446个,交集靶点85个.GO功能富集分析结果显示桃红四物汤可影响1651个生物学过程,123个分子功能和43个细胞组成.KEGG通路富集分析得到140条通路,结果显示桃红四物汤治疗EMs主要与TNF信号通路、IL-17信号通路、AGE-RAGE信号通路等有关.结论 桃红四物汤治疗EMs具有多靶点、多途径、多通路的特点,其治疗EMs的主要生物学机制可能与TNF信号通路、IL-17信号通路、AGE-RAGE信号通路等有关.

目的:探讨超低频电磁场处理水(频谱水)及红外频谱照射(频谱外照)对糖尿病大鼠体重、血糖及肾损伤的干预作用.方法:90只大鼠随机分为5组,每组18只,即正常对照组、模型组(2％STZ 50mg/kg体重腹腔注射,随机血糖≥16.7mmol/L)、频谱水组(STZ+饮用频谱水)、外照组(STZ+频谱外照)、盐酸二甲双胍对照组(STZ+盐酸二甲双胍).正常对照组与模型组每日灌胃生理盐水,其余各组分别灌胃或进行相应药物治疗.观察大鼠一般状态,每两周测定体重、空腹血糖,饲养8周后取所需组织检测血清中尿素、肌酐、尿酸、24h尿微量白蛋白等指标并观察肾脏病理学改变.结果:糖尿病大鼠进行饮用频谱水或红外频谱照射在一定程度上可以降低糖尿病大鼠模型血清肌酐和尿酸水平,但是不能有效降低24h尿微量白蛋白,并且可以减轻糖尿病大鼠模型的肾小管上皮细胞变性,维持肾小管上皮细胞线粒体与粗面内质网结构.结论:饮用频谱水及频谱外照治疗对糖尿病模型大鼠干预8周后,可减轻大鼠肾小管上皮细胞线粒体、内质网损伤,缓解肾组织病变,降低血清肌酐、尿酸水平,从而起到保护肾脏的作用.

为培养新时代德才兼备的医学人才,加强学生思想政治教育至关重要,从而提升学生思想道德水平.结合现阶段医学生的学习情况和思想政治教育的特点,将课程思政内容融入病理学课程教学中.通过激发爱国情怀、学习适应损伤、追踪科技新知、寻找科学真相、启发思辨意识,渗透创新思维、浸润科学态度和洞悉国情民生等八项举措,将思想政治元素与理论知识完美结合,从而提升学生的知识储备、责任意识和服务能力,真正实现教书与育人相统一.课程思政融入病理学的教学实践,提升了学生的学习兴趣、责任意识和服务能力,取得了较好的教学效果.

针对解剖学、组织学与胚胎学和病理学的实验附属于各自的理论课,在不同的学期授课,各门实验课之间缺乏关联,造成知识的割裂的现状,梳理现有形态学实验课程,在教材编写、课程设立、教学手段方面进行了改革探索.尝试建立以人体系统、器官为主线,以疾病为中心,从正常器官结构到异常器官结构,从整体器官形态观察到镜下微细结构的实验模式.希望不断深入形态学实验教学改革,一方面有利于学生对关联知识的融会贯通,另一方面培养学生的临床意识.

目的 探讨黄芪注射液联合葛根素注射液通过缓解内质网应激(ERS)、抑制心肌细胞凋亡,改善2型糖尿病(T2DM)动物KKAy小鼠心脏损害,防治糖尿病心肌病的机制.方法 11周龄的KKAy糖尿病模型小鼠按血糖随机分为模型组和黄芪葛根组(黄芪注射液3 mL/kg联合葛根素注射液1.3 mL/kg进行治疗),同周龄雄性C57 BL/6 J小鼠作为正常对照组,适应性饲养1周后,于12周龄开始实验干预,在20、24和28周龄分批处理小鼠.电镜观察心肌形态改变,RT-PCR及West-ern Blot检测心脏组织葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous Protein,CHOP)、p53凋亡上调基因(p53 up-regulate modulator of apoptosis,PUMA)基因和蛋白的表达.结果 透射电镜显示,模型组小鼠心肌细胞细胞核、内质网和线粒体肿胀,黄芪葛根组较模型组情况显著改善;RT-PCR和Western Blot结果显示,与正常组相比,3个周龄段模型组GRP78的基因和蛋白表达水平均明显升高,黄芪葛根组GRP78的基因和蛋白表达较模型组均显著下降,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).CHOP和PUMA的基因和蛋白表达,3个周龄段模型组较正常组均增加(P<0.05),24、28周龄黄芪葛根组较模型组均下降((P<0.05).结论 黄芪注射液与葛根素注射液联用对糖尿病小鼠心肌细胞超微结构具有保护作用,可缓解内质网应激,抑制心肌细胞凋亡,这可能是其防治糖尿病心肌病的机制之一.

目的 采用网络药理学联合GEO数据库差异基因分析的方法,探讨金雀异黄素(genistein)治疗子宫内膜癌(endometri-al carcinoma,EC)的潜在作用机制.方法 依托TCMSP等8个数据库获得金雀异黄素的靶标基因,并通过Uniport蛋白质数据库进行名称规范;然后,运用GEO数据库获取子宫内膜癌GSE17025数据集,并运用R语言获取其差异表达的基因;进而,作金雀异黄素靶标基因与子宫内膜癌差异基因的映射集合,再将交集靶点提交至STRING平台获得蛋白互作网络,并采用Cytoscape 3.7.2进行网络拓扑分析,筛选重要靶点;最后,对交集靶点进行GO注释和KEGG富集分析.结果 金雀异黄素作用于70个交集靶点发挥对子宫内膜癌的治疗作用,其中重要靶点有STAT3、BIRC5、MKI67等基因,主要富集在IL-17(IL-17 signaling pathways)、p53(p53 sig-naling pathway)、TGF-β(TGF-beta signaling pathway)等多条信号通路上.结论 金雀异黄素通过多靶点、多途径治疗子宫内膜癌,其可能是通过IL-17、p53、TGF-β等信号通路发挥治疗作用.此研究为深入阐释金雀异黄素治疗子宫内膜癌的临床研究及进一步实验验证提供了思路.

目的 研究探讨黄芪注射液联合葛根素注射液减缓和治疗肾间质纤维化、保护并改善肾脏功能的相关机制.方法 以体外正常培养的人近曲肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2细胞)作为正常组、加入TGF-β1诱导刺激48小时的为模型组、加入黄芪注射液联合葛根素注射液与TGF-β1共培养48h的为治疗组,利用Real-time PCR技术分别检测a-平滑肌肌动蛋白(alpha-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)、E-钙粘连素(E-cadherin)、转化生长因子-β1及其受体(transforming growth factor-β1/R,TGF-β1/R)、转导蛋白3/7(Smad3/7)、骨形态发生蛋白-7及其受体(bone morphogenetic proteins-7/R,BMP-7/R)和转导蛋白5(Smad5)的基因表达.结果 与模型组相比,黄芪注射液联合葛根素注射液的治疗组中α-SMA,TGF-β1/R和Smad3/7的表达明显下降,而E-cadherin,BMP-7/R和Smad5的表达显著升高.结论 黄芪注射液联合葛根素注射液可以延缓和治疗肾间质纤维化,并对肾脏起到保护作用,其机制可能与降低肾组织TGF-β1过度表达、阻断TGF-β1/Smads信号通路和增强BMP-7的表达、激活BMP-7/Smad5通路有关.

为了推进建设中医学高等教育标准,提高教学质量,规范办学模式,加强分类评估、分类指导,推动中医学教育国际化,将中医学教育标准和成果展示于世界,因此由教育部聘任高等学校中医学教学指导委员会,国家行业主管部门和行业协会的代表,对北京中医药大学的中医学进行认证.笔者参与认证专业认证的准备工作,对认证的基本流程、对认证的思考进行了阐述,并结合认证的实践效果,分析专业认证的内涵,阐述认证的必要性,思考中医学专业认证之后的改革道路.

Objective:To observe the effects of astragalus injection combined with puerarin injection on diabetic heart damage,and to lay a foundation for further study of its mechanism.Methods:Male KKAy mice(n=60)were fed with high fat diet to establish type 2 diabetes mellitus.Male C57BL/6J mice(n=30)with the same age were included into normal group.Mice with 12 weeks of age were randomly divided into treatment group and model group.The KKAy mice were injected with astragalus injection and puera-rin injection or the same amount of normal saline.After feeding at 8th,12th and 16th weeks,the general signs of mice were ob-served to detect the levels of the fasting blood glucose(FBG),serum triglyceride(TG),and total cholesterol(TCHO).The mor-phological myocardial tissue was observed,and TUNEL method was used to detect the level of apoptosis.Results:Astragalus injec-tion combined with puerarin injection could improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus,slow activity,significant increase in urine output,lack of luster of body hair,body fat and other symptoms.After 6 weeks and 12 weeks treatment,it can significantly re-duce FBG,TG and TCHO(P<0.05),reduce myocardial cell apoptosis,improve myocardial fibrosis,but 16 weeks treatment was not significantly effective.Conclusion:The use of astragalus injection and puerarin injection can significantly improve the general state of type 2 diabetic mice,reduce FBG,TG and TCHO,inhibit myocardial cell apoptosis and reduce cardiac fibrosis.

目的 探讨中药复方密蒙花方防护高糖下视网膜神经节细胞(RGC-5)的损伤机制.方法 将密蒙花方含药血清作用于高糖状态下的体外培养的RGC-5,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖状态,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡.Real Time-PCR法及Western blot法检测RGC-5细胞内Sigma-1R mRNA,BDNFmRNA,CNTFmRNA和蛋白水平变化.结果 CCK-8法检测高糖状态下RGC-5细胞增殖受到抑制,而中药含药血清具有促进RGC-5细胞增殖的作用.高糖状态下,RGC-5细胞凋亡率增加,中药组与模型组比较,RGC-5凋亡率降低(P＜0.01).与正常组相比,高糖组BDNF、CNTF及Sigma-1R mRNA、蛋白水平降低,与高糖组相比,中药组BDNF、CNTF及Sigma-1R mRNA及蛋白水平升高.结论 密蒙花方含药血清可抑制高糖状态下体外培养的RGC-5细胞发生凋亡和损伤,其机制可能与调节神经营养因子BDNF、CNTF表达和Sigma-1R介导有关.

通过构建北京中医药大学教学改革课程机能实验学调查问卷,并对上课学生开展调查,搜集、分析了学生对于机能实验学这种整合课程的整体评价、组织安排和实验内容的意见和建议,提出解决相应问题的建议.拟在今后的授课中,调整原有课序,固定带教老师,推动虚拟仿真实验平台的使用,以期更好地完善该课程.

目的 探讨密蒙花方防治糖尿病视网膜病变大鼠早期视网膜神经细胞损伤的作用机制,为临床实践提供实验依据.方法 采用清洁级雄性Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠120只,其中正常组30只,其余大鼠采用链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠动物模型,造模成功后随机分为模型组及密蒙花方组,密蒙花方组采用密蒙花方灌胃3个月,模型组用与密蒙花方组等容的蒸馏水灌胃.给药1个月后,采用TUNEL法检测大鼠视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)凋亡情况;分别在给药1个月、2个月、3个月后采用高效液相色谱法检测各组大鼠视网膜中谷氨酸含量;PCR以及Western blot法检测视网膜中Sigma-1R mRNA和蛋白表达情况.结果 给药1个月后,TUNEL法检测结果示,密蒙花方组RGCs凋亡数少于模型组.高效液相色谱法检测结果示,给药1个月、2个月、3个月后,模型组较正常组谷氨酸含量均增加(均为P＜0.01),密蒙花方组谷氨酸含量较模型组均降低(均为P＜0.01).给药3个月后,正常组、模型组和密蒙花方组视网膜Sigma-1R mRNA相对表达量分别为1.71±0.11、0.67±0.09和1.50±0.14,Sigma-1R蛋白相对表达量分别为0.39±0.02、0.16±0.02和0.30±0.01;与正常组相比,模型组Sigma-1R mRNA及蛋白水平均降低(均为P＜0.01);与模型组相比,密蒙花方组Sigma-1R mRNA及蛋白水平均升高(均为P＜0.01);密蒙花方组与正常组之间差异均无统计学意义(均为P＞0.05).结论 糖尿病视网膜病变早期即出现视网膜神经细胞的凋亡及损伤,密蒙花方可通过谷氨酸和Sigma-1R介导机制干预糖尿病大鼠早期视网膜神经细胞损伤,从而起到阻止糖尿病视网膜病变进一步发展的作用.

AIM: To investigate the effects of astragalus injection combined with puerarin injection on endo-plasmic reticulum stress through PERK pathway in diabetic nephropathy mice .METHODS: Male KKAy mice were ran-domly divided into model group ( injected with normal saline ) and treatment group ( injected with astragalus and puerarin ) . The male C57BL/6J mice served as normal group .The mice were sacrificed 4 weeks after treatments for observing morpho-logical changes under electron microscope .The renal tissues were collected to determine the expression of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase ( PERK ) , eukaryotic initiation factor 2α( eIF2α) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) at mRNA and protein levels by real-time PCR and Western blot.RESULTS: Under electron microscope, the renal tubular epithelial cells in model group and treatment group showed the swelling of the nucleus , endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria .The results of real-time PCR and Western blot showed that the expression of PERK , eIF2αand GRP78 at mRNA and protein levels in model group was higher than that in normal group (P<0.05), while that in treatment group was lower than that in model group .CONCLUSION: Astragalus injection combined with puerarin injection reduces the mRNA and protein expression of PERK , eIF2αand GRP78, thus inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum stress in type 2 dia-betic mice to protect the kidney function .

Objective:To investigate the cardioprotective mechanism of Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection on KKAy mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy,providing experimental evidence for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy using tradi -tional Chinese medicine.Methods KKAy mice were randomly divided into model group and treatment group ( Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection ) according to blood glucose.The male C57BL/6J mice with same age were used as normal con-trol group.The mice were sacrificed at 20,24 and 28 weeks old,respectively.qRT-PCR was used for detecting the mRNA expres-sion of IRE1α,XBP1U and XBP1S and Western blotting was used for assaying the expression of IRE 1αand XBP1.Results:The mRNA and protein expression of IRE1αin the model group increased at 20,24 and 28 weeks,while the increase of mRNA and protein expression of IRE1αreduced in the treatment group at 20,24 and 28 weeks.The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The mRNA and protein expression of XBP1S at 20,24 and 28 weeks and the mRNA expression of XBP 1U at 28 weeks was increased in the model group;For the treatment group,the mRNA expression of XBP1S at 20 and 40 weeks and protein ex-pression of XBP1 was down-regulated,whereas the expression of XBP1S and XBP1U mRNA increased.The difference was statisti-cally significant ( P <0.05 ).Conclusion:Huangqi injection combined with puerarin injection could inhibit the expression of IRE1αand XBP1,two stress signaling molecules of endoplasmic reticulum in the heart tissue of KKAy mice,and reduce the endo-plasmic reticulum stress and exert cardioprotective effect on KKAy mice with type 2 diabetes.

Objective To study protective effect of Yiqi Huayu Jiedu recipe on acute respiratorydistress syndrome ( ARDS) rats induced by lipopolysaccharide and to observe the influence of in-flammatory factor. Methods 50 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=10). All rats were fed for one week to adapt the environment. The rats were intragastric administration with&nbsp;corresponding drug. The ARDS model was injected with LPS (2mg/kg) after 7 days. The rats were sacrificed after 16 hours of modeling. Lung tissue was collected to observed the pathology organization, and the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, p65 protein in serum were detected. Results TNF- alpha: compared with the blank control group, serum TNF-αof rats in the model group was increased(P<0. 05). Compared with the model group, TNF-α of low dose of Chinese medicine group was decreased non-significantly, TNF-α of medium and high dose of Chinese medicine group was decreased significantly (P<0. 01), but there was no significant between two groups; Compared with the blank control group, IL-1, IL-6 and p65 protein of model group rats was increased(P<0. 05). Compared with the model group, IL-1, IL-6 and p65 protein of Chinese medicine groups were decreased (P<0. 05). Conclusion Yiqi Huayu Jiedu recipe can reduce the lung tissue injuries of ARDS rats induced by LPS, and can reduce the level of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, can inhibit the NF-κB pathway activation and reduce inflammation reactions. In a certain range, improve the dosage of compound, and enhance the effect.